Cystic fibrosis natural history, complications and prognosis
|
Cystic fibrosis Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Cystic fibrosis natural history, complications and prognosis On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Cystic fibrosis natural history, complications and prognosis |
|
FDA on Cystic fibrosis natural history, complications and prognosis |
|
CDC on Cystic fibrosis natural history, complications and prognosis |
|
Cystic fibrosis natural history, complications and prognosis in the news |
|
Blogs on Cystic fibrosis natural history, complications and prognosis |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Cystic fibrosis natural history, complications and prognosis |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: , Shaghayegh Habibi, M.D.[2]
Overview
Malnutrition and poor growth (due to loss of pancreatic exocrine function) leads to death in the first decade of life for most untreated patients. The most significant complications are seen in airways (responsible for 80% of mortality) and most common chronic pulmonary infection include P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and H. influenzae. In cystic fibrosis 98% of men are infertile due to aspermia. Lung complications are currently the primary causes of morbidity and are responsible for 80% of mortality in these patients and gastrointestinal complications include pancreatic insufficiency, pancreatitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, distal intestinal obstuction syndrome, constipation and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. In cystic fibrosis, obstructive lung disease and other lung complications are currently the primary causes of morbidity and are responsible for 80% of mortality. At present time survival probability of children is 40-50 years. Women with cystic fibrosis have a shortened life expectancy compared to men.
Natural History
Malnutrition and poor growth (due to loss of pancreatic exocrine function) leads to death in the first decade of life for most untreated patients.[1]
Complications
Lung involvement:
In patients with cystic fibrosis the most significant changes and complications are seen in airways. The primary genetic defect eventually causes chronic pulmonary infections. P. aeruginosa is the most common one, followed by S aureus and H. influenzae.[2][3]
- Infancy: the most common bacteria cultured is S. aureus with H. influenzae increasing during childhood
- Adolescence and young adulthood: the commonest pathogen cultured is P. aeruginosa
Other lung complications of cystic fibrosis include:[4]
- Sinusitis
- Airway obstruction
- Bronchiectasis
- Hemoptysis
- Pneumothorax
- Respiratory failure
Gastrointestinal involvement:
In cystic fibrosis about 90% of patients present with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Pancreatic insufficiency leads to maldigestion and malabsorption of nutrients, followed by sequelae of malnutrition include permanent stunting of stature, cognitive dysfunction (due to vitamin E deficiency) and more rapid decline in pulmonary function. Other gastrointestinal complications related to cystic fibrosis include:[4][5][6]
- Pancreatitis
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- Distal intestinal obstuction syndrome
- Obstipation/constipation
- Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
- Steatosis
- Cholelithiasis
- Meconium ileus
- Malabsorption (vitamin malabsorption may cause hemolytic anemia and defective coagulation)
Endocrine system invovement:
Endocrine complications related to cystic fibrosis include:[4]
- Diabetes mellitus
- Osteoporosis
- Delayed sexual development
- Hypogonadism
Prognosis
- Life expectancy of patients with cystic fibrosis has been increased over past decades because of better symptomatic treatment strategies.
- In patients with cystic fibrosis, obstructive lung disease and other lung complications are currently the primary causes of morbidity and are responsible for 80% of mortality.[1][7]
- At present time survival probability of children is 40-50 years.[8]
- Women with cystic fibrosis have a shortened life expectancy compared to men. Women also become colonized with certain common CF pathogens earlier and have a lower life expectancy in the setting of respiratory infections.[9]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cutting GR (2015). "Cystic fibrosis genetics: from molecular understanding to clinical application". Nat. Rev. Genet. 16 (1): 45–56. doi:10.1038/nrg3849. PMC 4364438. PMID 25404111.
- ↑ Edmondson C, Davies JC (2016). "Current and future treatment options for cystic fibrosis lung disease: latest evidence and clinical implications". Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 7 (3): 170–83. doi:10.1177/2040622316641352. PMC 4907071. PMID 27347364.
- ↑ Ratjen FA (2009). "Cystic fibrosis: pathogenesis and future treatment strategies". Respir Care. 54 (5): 595–605. PMID 19393104.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Flume PA (May 2009). "Pulmonary complications of cystic fibrosis". Respir Care. 54 (5): 618–27. PMID 19393106.
- ↑ Gelfond D, Borowitz D (April 2013). "Gastrointestinal complications of cystic fibrosis". Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11 (4): 333–42, quiz e30–1. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.11.006. PMID 23142604.
- ↑ Sabharwal S (January 2016). "Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis". Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 12 (1): 43–7. PMC 4865785. PMID 27330503.
- ↑ Pettit RS, Fellner C (July 2014). "CFTR Modulators for the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis". P T. 39 (7): 500–11. PMC 4103577. PMID 25083129.
- ↑ Fila L (2018). "[Cystic fibrosis in adults]". Vnitr Lek (in Czech). 63 (11): 834–842. PMID 29303286.
- ↑ Harness-Brumley CL, Elliott AC, Rosenbluth DB, Raghavan D, Jain R (December 2014). "Gender differences in outcomes of patients with cystic fibrosis". J Womens Health (Larchmt). 23 (12): 1012–20. doi:10.1089/jwh.2014.4985. PMC 4442553. PMID 25495366.