Sandbox:Eiman

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Classification by etiology Etiology Clinical manifestations Paraclinical findings Comments
Symptoms and signs Lab findings Imaging
Fatigue/

Lethargy

Thirst Dizziness/

Confusion

Muscle weakness/

cramp

Somatic/

visceral pain

Vomiting Diarrhea Tachypnea Hematuria/

Proteinuria

Edema Blood indices Renal Funtion test Electrolytes Urine analysis ABG Other Ultrasound X-ray CT MRI Other
Prerenal Alcohol poisoning[1][2][3][4] + - +/- - +/- + +/- - - - ↑PT ↑BUN, ↑Cr (isopropyl alcohol) ↓Na Not applicable ↓HCO3 LFT Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - Thiamine must be given to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy
Aspergillosis[5][6][7] +/- - - - - - - +/- - - Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Allergy test, ↑IgE (>1000 IU/dl), Direct visualization of fungal hyphae Not applicable Pulmonary infiltrates, Mucus plug, Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, Solitary or multiple cavities Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary infarction, Granuloma Not applicable - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Cholera[8][9][9][10] +/- + - - - +/- + - - - Leukocytosis, ↑HCT ↑BUN, ↑Cr ↓Na, ↑Ca, ↑Mg Not applicable ↑Lactate, ↓HCO3 Stool PCR, Stool culture, Serotyping Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - -
Congestive heart failure (CHF)[11][12][13][14][15][16] + - - - - - + - - + Anemia, Leukocytosis ↑BUN, ↑Cr ↓Na, ↑K Not applicable ↑Lactate, ↓HCO3, ↑BNP, ↑Troponin Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary hypertension, Pleural effusions Pulmonary edema Not applicable Valvular heart disease Decreased ejection fraction in echocardiography, Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging Not applicable
Dehydration[17][18][19][20] + + - +/- - +/- +/- - - - Not applicable ↑BUN, ↑Cr ↓Na, ↑K, ↓Cl Ketones and glucose, ↑Urine specific gravity ↑Lactate, ↓HCO3 Hypoglycemia Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - -
Diarrhea and/or vomiting[21][22][23][24] +/- +/- - - - + + - - - Leukocytosis with predominant neutrophilia, ↑ ESR Not applicable Not applicable Ketones, Organic acids, Porphobilinogen, Aminolevulinic acid Not applicable Stool anion gap, Stool pH < 5.5, Stool culture, Serotyping, Enzyme immunoassay (rotavirus or adenovirus), LFT, Amylase, Lipase Normal Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - -
Drugs/toxins[25][26] +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- Not applicable ↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑CK ↑K, ↓Mg, ↓Ca, ↓Ph Ingested drug, Glucose, Aminoacid, Phosphate, Ketone, Hyaline cast, RBC ↑Lactate, Metabolic acidosis Toxicology, Rapid immunoassay Nephropathy Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets Not applicable Not applicable - -
Esophageal varices bleeding[27][28] +/- - - - +/- - - - - - Normocytic normochromic anemia ↑BUN, ↑Cr Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Velocity and direction of portal flow Abnormal opacities outside ofesophageal wall, Posterior mediastinal or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated azygous vein Entire portal venous system Portrays esophageal varices as flow voids Portal hypertension and esophageal varices in positron emission tomography, Flexible endoscope, Barium swallow of snake-like filling defects -
Heart disease[29][30]

-Congenital

-Acquired

+/- - - - - - - +/- - +/- Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Throat culture, Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, Pulse oximetry Not applicable Cardiomegaly, Dextrocardia Not applicable Not applicable Ventricular dysfunction, Left and right ventricular hypertrophy, Valvular disease in echocardiography -
Hemorrhage[31][32][33][34] - - - - - - - - - - Normocytic normochromic anemia, ↑PT, ↑PTT ↑BUN, ↑Cr ↑Na, ↑Cl, ↓Ca Not applicable Metabolic acidosis Not applicable Peritoneal cavity fluid in FAST Bilateral opacities in the lung field, Hemothorax, Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal bleeding Not applicable Source of bleeding in the upper GI in EGD, Angiography -
Hemolysis[35][36][37][38] +/- - - - - - - - +/- - Thrombocytopenia, Microcytic hypochromic anemia, ↑RDW, ↑Retic count Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable ↑LDH, ↓Haptoglobin, ↑Unconjugated bilirubin Hepatomegaly,Splenomegaly Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable -
Hepatorenal syndrome[39][40][41][42] +/- - - - +/- +/- - - +/- +/- Leukocytosis, ↑PT ↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr ↓Na Proteinuria, Na < 10 mEq/L, Urine osmolality > plasma osmolality Not applicable Alpha feto-protein, Cryoglobulinemia Exclude hydronephrosis and intrinsic renal disease Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in echocardiography -
Ischemic cardiomyopathy[43][44][45][46] +/- - - - - - - +/- - +/- Anemia ↑Cr ↓Na, ↓K, ↓Mg Not applicable Not applicable Troponin, Creatine kinase, Creatine kinase - MB, BNP Not applicable Abnormal cardiac silhouette Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Mid-wall fibrosis in MRI Ejection fraction ≤35%, Pulmonary embolism, Right ventricular dilation or pericardial effusion with tamponade in echocardiography -
Liver cirrhosis[47][48][49] +/- - +/- +/- +/- - - - - +/- Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable LFT, Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio Portal blood flow velocity, Hepatic artery enlargement, Multifocal lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, Ascites, Splenomegaly Bowel perforation, Gynecomastia, Azygos vein enlargement, Pleural effusion Morphologic changes in the liver, Collaterals and shunts, Hyperattenuating nodule of hepatocellular carcinoma, Portal vein thrombosis Vacular patency, Tumor invasion, Portal vein thrombosis, Steatosis Hepatic function and portal hypertension in nuclear imaging, Hepatic perfusion and the development of shunts and tumors in angiography Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
Malignant hypertension[50][51] +/- - + - - +/- - +/- - +/- -
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Electrocardiography may indicate the following:
    • Ischemia
    • Infarct
    • Evidence of electrolyte abnormalities or drug overdose
  • Echocardiography may indicate the following:
  • N/A
  1. ↑ Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R (December 2004). "Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey". Am. J. Med. 117 (11): 863–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042. PMID 15589492.
  2. ↑ Cherpitel CJ (March 1989). "Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions". J. Stud. Alcohol. 50 (2): 155–61. PMID 2927129.
  3. ↑ Yost DA (December 2002). "Acute care for alcohol intoxication. Be prepared to consider clinical dilemmas". Postgrad Med. 112 (6): 14–6, 21–2, 25–6. PMID 12510444.
  4. ↑ Boba A (July 1999). "Management of acute alcoholic intoxication". Am J Emerg Med. 17 (4): 431. PMID 10452451.
  5. ↑ Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L (April 2002). "Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients". Clin. Infect. Dis. 34 (7): 909–17. doi:10.1086/339202. PMID 11880955.
  6. ↑ Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP (September 2006). "Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey". Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (5): 577–84. doi:10.1086/505870. PMID 16886149.
  7. ↑ Horger M, Hebart H, Einsele H, Lengerke C, Claussen CD, Vonthein R, Pfannenberg C (September 2005). "Initial CT manifestations of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in 45 non-HIV immunocompromised patients: association with patient outcome?". Eur J Radiol. 55 (3): 437–44. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.01.001. PMID 16129254.
  8. ↑ Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB (November 2009). "Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh". Clin. Infect. Dis. 49 (10): 1473–9. doi:10.1086/644779. PMC 2783773. PMID 19842974.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB (January 1974). "Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum". J. Infect. Dis. 129 (1): 45–52. PMID 4809112.
  10. ↑ Harris JB, Ivers LC, Ferraro MJ (June 2011). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 19-2011. A 4-year-old Haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea". N. Engl. J. Med. 364 (25): 2452–61. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc1100927. PMID 21696312.
  11. ↑ Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA (September 2007). "Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure". Circulation. 116 (13): 1482–7. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906. PMID 17724259.
  12. ↑ Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ (February 2005). "Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis". JAMA. 293 (5): 572–80. doi:10.1001/jama.293.5.572. PMID 15687312.
  13. ↑ Kittleson M, Hurwitz S, Shah MR, Nohria A, Lewis E, Givertz M, Fang J, Jarcho J, Mudge G, Stevenson LW (June 2003). "Development of circulatory-renal limitations to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors identifies patients with severe heart failure and early mortality". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 41 (11): 2029–35. PMID 12798577.
  14. ↑ Filippatos G, Rossi J, Lloyd-Jones DM, Stough WG, Ouyang J, Shin DD, O'connor C, Adams KF, Orlandi C, Gheorghiade M (June 2007). "Prognostic value of blood urea nitrogen in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure: insights from the Acute and Chronic Therapeutic Impact of a Vasopressin Antagonist in Chronic Heart Failure (ACTIV in CHF) study". J. Card. Fail. 13 (5): 360–4. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.02.005. PMID 17602982.
  15. ↑ Zamora E, Lupón J, Vila J, Urrutia A, de Antonio M, Sanz H, Grau M, Ara J, Bayés-Genís A (May 2012). "Estimated glomerular filtration rate and prognosis in heart failure: value of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study-4, chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration, and cockroft-gault formulas". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 59 (19): 1709–15. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.066. PMID 22554602.
  16. ↑ McAlister FA, Ezekowitz J, Tarantini L, Squire I, Komajda M, Bayes-Genis A, Gotsman I, Whalley G, Earle N, Poppe KK, Doughty RN (May 2012). "Renal dysfunction in patients with heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction: impact of the new Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration Group formula". Circ Heart Fail. 5 (3): 309–14. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.966242. PMID 22441773.
  17. ↑ Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS (June 2004). "Is this child dehydrated?". JAMA. 291 (22): 2746–54. doi:10.1001/jama.291.22.2746. PMID 15187057.
  18. ↑ Vega RM, Avner JR (June 1997). "A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children". Pediatr Emerg Care. 13 (3): 179–82. PMID 9220501.
  19. ↑ Dossetor JB (December 1966). "Creatininemia versus uremia. The relative significance of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations in azotemia". Ann. Intern. Med. 65 (6): 1287–99. PMID 5928490.
  20. ↑ Baskett PJ (June 1990). "ABC of major trauma. Management of hypovolaemic shock". BMJ. 300 (6737): 1453–7. PMC 1663124. PMID 2198971.
  21. ↑ Carpenter DO (February 1990). "Neural mechanisms of emesis". Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 68 (2): 230–6. PMID 2178747.
  22. ↑ Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, Brunett P, Bulens S, Beard RS, Dauphin LA, Slutsker L, Bopp C, Eberhard M, Hall A, Vinje J, Monroe SS, Glass RI (May 2012). "The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States". J. Infect. Dis. 205 (9): 1374–81. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis206. PMID 22454468.
  23. ↑ Hall AJ, Rosenthal M, Gregoricus N, Greene SA, Ferguson J, Henao OL, Vinjé J, Lopman BA, Parashar UD, Widdowson MA (August 2011). "Incidence of acute gastroenteritis and role of norovirus, Georgia, USA, 2004-2005". Emerging Infect. Dis. 17 (8): 1381–8. doi:10.3201/eid1708.101533. PMC 3381564. PMID 21801613.
  24. ↑ Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, Tarr PI, Steiner TS, Kotloff K, Langley JM, Wanke C, Warren CA, Cheng AC, Cantey J, Pickering LK (November 2017). "2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea". Clin. Infect. Dis. 65 (12): e45–e80. doi:10.1093/cid/cix669. PMID 29053792.
  25. ↑ Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA (October 1991). "Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis". Ann. Intern. Med. 115 (7): 513–9. PMID 1883120.
  26. ↑ Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML (1973). "Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications". Clin. Toxicol. 6 (2): 153–62. doi:10.3109/15563657308990513. PMID 4715199.
  27. ↑ Graham DY, Smith JL (April 1981). "The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage". Gastroenterology. 80 (4): 800–9. PMID 6970703.
  28. ↑ de Franchis R (October 2010). "Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension". J. Hepatol. 53 (4): 762–8. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004. PMID 20638742.
  29. ↑ LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH (June 1991). "Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities". N. Engl. J. Med. 324 (23): 1619–25. doi:10.1056/NEJM199106063242303. PMID 2030718.
  30. ↑ Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD (August 2009). "Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP". Pediatrics. 124 (2): 823–36. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1397. PMID 19581259.
  31. ↑ Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH (November 2010). "Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface". Circulation. 122 (20): 2068–77. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773. PMID 21098468.
  32. ↑ Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y (July 1986). "Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease". Blood. 68 (1): 58–61. PMID 3487361.
  33. ↑ Suchman AL, Griner PF (June 1986). "Diagnostic uses of the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time". Ann. Intern. Med. 104 (6): 810–6. PMID 3706933.
  34. ↑ Greenberg CS, Devine DV, McCrae KM (January 1987). "Measurement of plasma fibrin D-dimer levels with the use of a monoclonal antibody coupled to latex beads". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 87 (1): 94–100. PMID 3541576.
  35. ↑ Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA (March 1987). "Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases". Blood. 69 (3): 820–6. PMID 3814817.
  36. ↑ Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F (May 1980). "The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease". JAMA. 243 (19): 1909–11. PMID 7365971.
  37. ↑ Stahl WM (June 1987). "Acute phase protein response to tissue injury". Crit. Care Med. 15 (6): 545–50. PMID 2436855.
  38. ↑ Conley CL, Lippman SM, Ness P (October 1980). "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with reticulocytopenia. A medical emergency". JAMA. 244 (15): 1688–90. PMID 7411826.
  39. ↑ Ginès P, Schrier RW (September 2009). "Renal failure in cirrhosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (13): 1279–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0809139. PMID 19776409.
  40. ↑ Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J (January 1996). "Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club". Hepatology. 23 (1): 164–76. doi:10.1002/hep.510230122. PMID 8550036.
  41. ↑ Salerno F, Gerbes A, Ginès P, Wong F, Arroyo V (September 2007). "Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis". Gut. 56 (9): 1310–8. doi:10.1136/gut.2006.107789. PMC 1954971. PMID 17389705.
  42. ↑ Angeli P, Ginès P, Wong F, Bernardi M, Boyer TD, Gerbes A, Moreau R, Jalan R, Sarin SK, Piano S, Moore K, Lee SS, Durand F, Salerno F, Caraceni P, Kim WR, Arroyo V, Garcia-Tsao G (April 2015). "Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites". J. Hepatol. 62 (4): 968–74. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.029. PMID 25638527.
  43. ↑ Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB (April 2006). "Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention". Circulation. 113 (14): 1807–16. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287. PMID 16567565.
  44. ↑ Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G (March 2005). "Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology". Eur. Heart J. 26 (5): 516–24. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108. PMID 15689345.
  45. ↑ Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, Bilinska Z, Cecchi F, Charron P, Dubourg O, Kühl U, Maisch B, McKenna WJ, Monserrat L, Pankuweit S, Rapezzi C, Seferovic P, Tavazzi L, Keren A (January 2008). "Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society Of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases". Eur. Heart J. 29 (2): 270–6. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm342. PMID 17916581.
  46. ↑ Thompson PD, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, Blair SN, Corrado D, Estes NA, Fulton JE, Gordon NF, Haskell WL, Link MS, Maron BJ, Mittleman MA, Pelliccia A, Wenger NK, Willich SN, Costa F (May 2007). "Exercise and acute cardiovascular events placing the risks into perspective: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Clinical Cardiology". Circulation. 115 (17): 2358–68. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.181485. PMID 17468391.
  47. ↑ Ge PS, Runyon BA (March 2014). "The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis". J. Hepatol. 60 (3): 643–53. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016. PMID 24076364.
  48. ↑ Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B (1986). "Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography". Gastrointest Radiol. 11 (4): 305–11. PMID 3533689.
  49. ↑ Giorgio A, Amoroso P, Lettieri G, Fico P, de Stefano G, Finelli L, Scala V, Tarantino L, Pierri P, Pesce G (November 1986). "Cirrhosis: value of caudate to right lobe ratio in diagnosis with US". Radiology. 161 (2): 443–5. doi:10.1148/radiology.161.2.3532188. PMID 3532188.
  50. ↑ Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R (November 2012). "Hypertension crisis in the emergency department". Cardiol Clin. 30 (4): 533–43. doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011. PMID 23102030.
  51. ↑ Elliott WJ (2006). "Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies". Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 48 (5): 316–25. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004. PMID 16627047.
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