Cystitis physical examination
Cystitis Microchapters | |
Diagnosis | |
Treatment | |
Case Studies | |
Cystitis physical examination On the Web | |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Cystitis physical examination | |
Risk calculators and risk factors for Cystitis physical examination | |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maliha Shakil, M.D. [2], Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]
Overview
Patients with cystitis are usually well-appearing. Common physical examination findings of cystitis include fever and suprapubic tenderness. A focused physical examination is helpful in confirming the suspicion of cystitis and in ruling out alternate pathology.
Physical Examination
The following features can be found during a physical examination of a patient with cystitis. The patient must be in supine position to facilitate a proper examination.[1]
General Appearance of the Patient
- Patients with cystitis are usually normal in appearance and not in distress.[2]
Vital Signs
Skin
- Skin examination of patients with pyelonephritis is usually normal.
HEENT
- HEENT examination of patients with pyelonephritis is usually normal.
Neck
- Neck examination of patients with pyelonephritis is usually normal.
Lungs
- Pulmonary examination of patients with pyelonephritis is usually normal.
Heart
Abdomen
- Costovertebral angle tenderness
- Positive sonopalpation test of the kidney[5]
- Suprapubic tenderness
Digital rectal examination (DRE)
A digital rectal exam is a procedure performed in an office setting. The patient bends on a table or lays on one side with knees touching chest. The physician wears gloves, applies a lubricant to the gloved finger and enters it into the rectum to feel the prostate normally located in front of the rectum.
- If pyelonephritis is suspected in men, a DRE helps to differentiate if the obstruction is due to a swollen prostate gland.
Back
- Costovertebral angle tenderness
Genitourinary
The following findings may be found on genitourinary examination of a patient with pyelonephritis:[2][6][7]
- Suprapubic tenderness
- Urethral discharge (if the cause is urethritis)
- Inguinal lymphadenopathy
- Examination of the scrotum and the pubic area must be done
Neuromuscular
- Patient is usually oriented to persons, place, and time.
- The following neurological signs can rarely be witnessed in elderly:
Extremities
- Extremities examination of patients with pyelonephritis is usually normal.
Genitourinary
The following findings may be found on genitourinary examination of a patient with cystitis.[2][6][8].
- Suprapubic tenderness
- Urethral discharge(if the cause is urethritis)
- Inguinal lymphadenopathy
- Examination of the scrotum and the pubic area must be done
Abdominal
The following findings can be found on abdominal examination of cystitis.[2]
- Abdominal tenderness on palpation
Cardiovascular
Neurological
References
- ↑ Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 9781455748013.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Colgan R, Williams M (2011). "Diagnosis and treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis". Am Fam Physician. 84 (7): 771–6. PMID 22010614.
- ↑ Chang SL, Shortliffe LD (2006). "Pediatric urinary tract infections". Pediatr Clin North Am. 53 (3): 379–400, vi. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2006.02.011. PMID 16716786.
- ↑ Azzarone G, Liewehr S, O'Connor K (2007). "Cystitis". Pediatr Rev. 28 (12): 474–6. doi:10.1542/pir.28-12-474. PMID 18055650.
- ↑ Faust JS, Tsung JW (2017). "Eliciting renal tenderness by sonopalpation in diagnosing acute pyelonephritis". Crit Ultrasound J. 9 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/s13089-016-0056-6. PMC 5215196. PMID 28050884.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Brill JR (2010). "Diagnosis and treatment of urethritis in men". Am Fam Physician. 81 (7): 873–8. PMID 20353145.
- ↑ Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 9781455748013.
- ↑ Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 9781455748013.