Multiple myeloma risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Haytham Allaham, M.D. [2]
Overview
MM is a multifactorial disease, encompassing a wide variety of risk factors that span numerous life aspects.PMID:26294217
Risk Factors
The table below lists the risk factors for multiple myeloma:
| Risk Factor | Description |
| Age | The chance to develop multiple myeloma increases as patients get older, where only 1% of multiple myeloma cases are diagnosed in patients younger than 35 years.[1][2][3] |
| Race | African American and Native Pacific Islanders descents are at increased risk of developing multiple myeloma.[4][3][5] |
| Gender | Males are more commonly affected with multiple myeloma than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1.[2][3] |
| Having other plasma cell diseases | Patients with other plasma cell diseases such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance develop multiple myeloma later in their lives.[6][3] |
| Family history | A familial predisposition to myeloma exists due to hyperphosphorylation of specific proteins that may contribute to a higher rates of multiple myeloma in certain groups.[7][4][8][3] |
| Obesity | Being overweight increases a person's risk of developing multiple myeloma.[6][3] |
| Workplace exposures | Petroleum workers and farmers tend to have higher incidence of multiple myeloma relative to other occupations.[9][6][3] |
| Radiation | Areas with previous history of atoms bombs or nuclear accidents had higher risk of multiple myeloma due to increased rate of radiation exposure.[6][3] |
References
- ↑ Press Releases. Compugen (2015)http://www.cgen.com/media-center/press-releases/-314 Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ Seer stat fact sheet. National cancer institute (2015)http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/mulmy.html Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015
- ↑ Bourguet, CC.; Grufferman, S.; Delzell, E.; DeLong, ER.; Cohen, HJ. (1985). "Multiple myeloma and family history of cancer. A case-control study". Cancer. 56 (8): 2133–9. PMID 4027940. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Koura DT, Langston AA (2013). "Inherited predisposition to multiple myeloma". Ther Adv Hematol. 4 (4): 291–7. doi:10.1177/2040620713485375. PMC 3734900. PMID 23926460.
- ↑ Gallagher, RP.; Spinelli, JJ.; Elwood, JM.; Skippen, DH. (1983). "Allergies and agricultural exposure as risk factors for multiple myeloma". Br J Cancer. 48 (6): 853–7. PMID 6652026. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)