Interstitial nephritis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohsen Basiri M.D.
Overview
Common causes of interstitial nephritis include drug side effects, particularly analgesics and antibiotics. Other common causes include associated nephrologic conditions, as well as microbial infections.
Causes
Drugs
- 70 to 75 percent (with antibiotics responsible for 30 to 49 percent of these cases)[1]
- Any drug has the potentiality to cause AIN, among case reports of many drugs causing AIN, but only a few have been reported with biopsy-proven AIN. The most common proven drugs cause of AIN include:[2][3][4][5][6][7]
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs)
- Penicillins and cephalosporins
- Antimicrobial sulfonamides, including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
- Rifampin
- Diuretics, including loop diuretics such as furosemide and bumetanide, and
- Thiazide-type diuretics
- Ciprofloxacin and, perhaps to a lesser degree other quinolones
- Cimetidine
- Allopurinol
- Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole and lansoprazole
- Indinavir
- 5-aminosalicylates (eg, mesalamine)
Infections
Multiple organisms may cause TIN including bacterial viral fungal parasitic infections.[8][9][10][11][12][13]
Bacteria
- Legionella,
- Leptospira,
- Streptococcus,
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Yersinia,
- Enterococcus
- Escherichia coli
Virus
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV),
- Aolyomavirus,
- Adenovirus,
- Candida
parasites
- Leishmania
- Toxoplasma
Immunologic diseases
- Sarcoidosis
- SLE,
- Sjögren's syndrome
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of TIN include:
- Heavy metals (eg, lead, cadmium, mercury)
- Obstructive uropathy, nephrolithiasis, reflux disease
- Neoplasia (eg, myeloma, leukemia, amyloidosis)
- Metabolic diseases (eg, hypercalcemia, cystinosis, potassium depletion, hyperoxaluria)
Causes in Alphabetical Order
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3References
- ↑ Baker, R. J.; Pusey, C. D. (2004). "The changing profile of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 19 (1): 8–11. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfg464. ISSN 0931-0509.
- ↑ Neilson EG. Pathogenesis and therapy of interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int 1989; 35:1257
- ↑ Ten RM, Torres VE, Milliner DS, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis: immunologic and clinical aspects. Mayo Clin Proc 1988; 63:921
- ↑ Michel DM, Kelly CJ. Acute interstitial nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9:506
- ↑ Michel DM, Kelly CJ. Acute interstitial nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9:506
- ↑ Torpey N, Barker T, Ross C. Drug-induced tubulo-interstitial nephritis secondary to proton pump inhibitors: experience from a single UK renal unit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19:1441
- ↑ Wang YC, Lin YF, Chao TK, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis with prominent eosinophil inltration. Clin Nephrol 2009; 71:187
- ↑ Kodner CM, Kudrimoti A. Diagnosis and management of acute interstitial nephritis. Am Fam Physician 2003; 67:2527
- ↑ Muriithi AK, Leung N, Valeri AM, et al. Biopsy-proven acute interstitial nephritis, 1993-2011: a case series. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64:558
- ↑ Chang JF, Peng YS, Tsai CC, et al. A possible rare cause of renal failure in streptococcal infection. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26:368
- ↑ Agrawal V, Crisi GM, D'Agati VD, Freda BJ. Renal sarcoidosis presenting as acute kidney injury with granulomatous interstitial nephritis and vasculitis. Am J Kidney Dis 2012; 59:303
- ↑ Farr RW. Leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:1.
- ↑ Baksh FK, Finkelstein SD, Swalsky PA, et al. Molecular genotyping of BK and JC viruses in human polyomavirus-associated interstitial nephritis after renal transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38:354