Schizophrenia risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2] Irfan Dotani
Overview
Risk factors for schizophrenia include the season of birth (late winter, early spring, summer) and genetic predisposition.[1]
Risk Factors
- Season of birth:
- Place of growing up:
- Urban areas
- Genetic predisposition to:
Prenatal
- It is thought that causal factors can initially come together in early neurodevelopment, including during pregnancy, to increase the risk of later developing schizophrenia.
- One curious finding is that people diagnosed with schizophrenia are more likely to have been born in winter or spring, (at least in the northern hemisphere).[2]
- There is now evidence that prenatal exposure to infections increases the risk for developing schizophrenia later in life, providing additional evidence for a link between in utero developmental pathology and risk of developing the condition.[3]
Social
- Living in an urban environment has been consistently found to be a risk factor for schizophrenia.[4]
- Social disadvantage has been found to be a risk factor, including poverty and migration related to social adversity, racial discrimination, family dysfunction, unemployment or poor housing conditions.[5][6]
- Childhood experiences of abuse or trauma have also been implicated as risk factors for a diagnosis of schizophrenia later in life.[7][8] Parenting is not held responsible for schizophrenia but unsupportive dysfunctional relationships may contribute to an increased risk.[9]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.
- ↑ Davies G, Welham J, Chant D, Torrey EF, McGrath J. (2003). A systematic review and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29 (3), 587–93. PMID 14609251
- ↑ Brown, A.S. (2006). Prenatal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32 (2), 200–2. PMID 16469941
- ↑ van Os J, Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P (2005) The schizophrenia envirome. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18 (2), 141-5. PMID 16639166
- ↑ Mueser KT & McGurk SR. (2004) Schizophrenia. Lancet. June 19;363(9426):2063-72. PMID 15207959
- ↑ Selten JP, Cantor-Graae E, Kahn RS. (2007) Migration and schizophrenia. Current Opininion in Psychiatry, 20 (2), 111-5. PMID 17278906
- ↑ Schenkel LS, Spaulding WD, Dilillo D, Silverstein SM (2005). Histories of childhood maltreatment in schizophrenia: Relationships with premorbid functioning, symptomatology, and cognitive deficits. Schizophrenia Research, 76(2–3), 273–286. PMID 15949659
- ↑ Janssen I, Krabbendam L, Bak M, Hanssen M, et al (2004). Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109, 38–45. PMID 14674957
- ↑ Subotnik, KL, Goldstein, MJ, Nuechterlein, KH, Woo, SM and Mintz, J. (2002) Are Communication Deviance and Expressed Emotion Related to Family History of Psychiatric Disorders in Schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull. 28(4):719-29 PMID 12795501