Horseshoe kidney overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Horseshoe kidney is the congenital disorder of kidneys in which the isthmus of both kidneys fuse together during embryonic development leading to appearance of "Horseshoe". It is the most common fusion defect of kidneys.
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Most people with horseshoe kidneys are totally asymptomatic and their kidneys function normally throughout their lives. About quarter of cases are found incidentally, usually during a CT scan due to some other problem. Nonetheless, there are lots of other patients who are predisposed to certain medical issues. These issues include:
- Ureteropelvic junction obstruction : It is the most common problem in horseshoe kidney. It is caused by crossing of ureter over the fused isthmus leading to its obstruction.
- Kidney Stones : Stones usually occur when there is obstruction leading to decreased urine output and stasis of urine which create environment for stone formation.
- Hydronephrosis : Basically it is caused by back-flow of urine due to obstruction of ureteropelvic junction.
- Increased incidence of certain cancers such as renal cell carcinoma, wilms tumor and carcinoid tumors.
Causes
Differentiating Xyz from Other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
- It is fairly common condition with 1 case in every 500 live births.
- Male cases are twice more common than female cases.
- Although it has been seen in members of same families, but no any particular gene has been found to cause this disease.