Pneumomediastinum classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Trusha Tank, M.D.[2]
Overview
Pneumomediastinum may be classified according to cause into spontaneous pneumomediastinum and secondary pneumomediastinum. Both the categories have multiple causes.
Classification
Pneumomediastinum is mainly classified according to the cause into 2 groups:
- Spontaneous, also known as idiopathic pneumomediastinum: Cause of sponateous pneumomediastinum is use of tobacco and recreational drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine.
- Secondary pneumomediastinum:
- Iatrogenic: Endoscopic procedures, intubation/extubation, central line placement.
- Traumatic: Blunt force trauma, penetrating injury.
- Non-traumatic: Predisposing factors are preexisting medical conditions such as asthma, interstitial lung disease, COPD, bronchiectasis, lung cysts, lung malignancy, excessive vomiting.
| Pneumomediastinum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spontaneous pneumomediastinum | Secondary pneumomediastinum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Iatrogenic | Traumatic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
- Pneumomediastinum can also be classified according to the entry of air into the mediastinal cavity: Head/neck/upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract, lung, gastrointestinal tract, or external sources. [1]