Myelofibrosis natural history, complications and prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[2]

Overview

The development of myelofibrosis is a a slow process and it does not cause early symptoms. A significant proportion of the patients can be asymptomatic and the diagnosis is usually made in the setting of an unrelated condition. The most overlapping and common findings encountered are anemia and splenomegaly presenting as weakness, easy fatigability, palpitations, and dyspnea in the case of anemia and early satiety with possible accompanying left upper quadrant discomfort if splenomegaly is present.

The disease has a progressive course and can result in pancytopenia as the bone marrow failure ensues. This can result in bleeding complications, easy bruising, increase in the susceptibility to infections, and worsening anemia. The bone marrow failure paves the way for extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) which mainly occurs in the reticuloendothelial tissues.

If left untreated, myelofibrosis can lead to severe complications, the most feared of which are acute leukemia, heart failure, and portal hypertension.

Natural History

Complications

Common complications of myelofibrosis include:

Prognosis

  1. Age >65 years
  2. Hemoglobin <10 g/dl
  3. Leucocyte count >25 × 109/l
  4. Circulating blasts ≥1%
  5. Constitutional symptoms
  6. Unfavourable karyotype (i.e., complex karyotype or sole or two abnormalities that include +8, -7/7q-, i(17q), inv(3), 5/5q-, 12p-, or 11q23 rearrangement)
  7. Transfusion dependency
  8. Platelet count <100 × 109/l
  • The presence of 0, 1, 2 or 3, and ≥4 adverse factors defines low, intermediate-1, intermediate-2 and high-risk disease with median survivals of approximately 15.4, 6.5, 2.9 and 1.3 years, respectively.

DIPSS Plus Score for Prognosis in Myelofibrosis
Variable Score
Age >65 years 1
Constitutional symptoms 1
Hemoglobin <10 g/dL 1
Leucocyte count >25 x 10⁹/L 1
Circulating blasts ≥1% 1
Unfavourable karyotype (complex karyotype or abnormalities that include +8, -7/7q-, i(17q), inv(3), 5/5q-, 12p-, or 11q23 rearrangement) 1
Transfusion dependency 1
Platelet count <100 x 10⁹/L 1
DIPSS Plus Score:
Interpretation:


References

  1. ↑ Hoffman, Ronald (2018). Hematology : basic principles and practice. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 9780323357623.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cervantes F, Pereira A, Esteve J, Cobo F, Rozman C, Montserrat E (November 1997). "[Idiopathic myelofibrosis: initial features, evolutive patterns and survival in a series of 106 patients]". Med Clin (Barc) (in Spanish; Castilian). 109 (17): 651–5. PMID 9488952.
  3. ↑ O'Sullivan JM, Harrison CN (February 2018). "Myelofibrosis: clinicopathologic features, prognosis, and management". Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 16 (2): 121–131. PMID 29741513.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Tefferi A (December 2016). "Primary myelofibrosis: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 91 (12): 1262–1271. doi:10.1002/ajh.24592. PMID 27870387.
  5. ↑ Bedekovics J, Méhes G (March 2014). "[Pathomechanism and clinical impact of myelofibrosis in neoplastic diseases of the bone marrow]". Orv Hetil (in Hungarian). 155 (10): 367–75. doi:10.1556/OH.2014.29823. PMID 24583557.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Le Bousse-Kerdilès MC, Martyré MC (October 1999). "Dual implication of fibrogenic cytokines in the pathogenesis of fibrosis and myeloproliferation in myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis". Ann. Hematol. 78 (10): 437–44. PMID 10550553.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kuter DJ, Bain B, Mufti G, Bagg A, Hasserjian RP (November 2007). "Bone marrow fibrosis: pathophysiology and clinical significance of increased bone marrow stromal fibres". Br. J. Haematol. 139 (3): 351–62. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06807.x. PMID 17910625.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Reilly JT, Barnett D, Dolan G, Forrest P, Eastham J, Smith A (January 1993). "Characterization of an acute micromegakaryocytic leukaemia: evidence for the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis". Br. J. Haematol. 83 (1): 58–62. PMID 8435338.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Schmitt A, Drouin A, Massé JM, Guichard J, Shagraoui H, Cramer EM (April 2002). "Polymorphonuclear neutrophil and megakaryocyte mutual involvement in myelofibrosis pathogenesis". Leuk. Lymphoma. 43 (4): 719–24. doi:10.1080/10428190290016809. PMID 12153156.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Schmitt A, Jouault H, Guichard J, Wendling F, Drouin A, Cramer EM (August 2000). "Pathologic interaction between megakaryocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in myelofibrosis". Blood. 96 (4): 1342–7. PMID 10942376.
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  12. ↑ Birgegard G, Samuelsson J, Ahlstrand E, Ejerblad E, Enevold C, Ghanima W, Hasselbalch H, Nielsen CH, Knutsen H, Pedersen OB, Sørensen A, Andreasson B (November 2018). "Inflammatory functional iron deficiency common in myelofibrosis, contributes to anaemia and impairs quality of life. From the Nordic MPN study Group". Eur. J. Haematol. doi:10.1111/ejh.13198. PMID 30472746.
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  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Karigane D, Kikuchi T, Sakurai M, Kato J, Yamane Y, Hashida R, Abe R, Hatano M, Hasegawa N, Wakayama M, Shibuya K, Okamoto S, Mori T (July 2018). "Invasive hepatic mucormycosis: A case report and review of the literature". J. Infect. Chemother. doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2018.06.013. PMID 30057341.
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  17. ↑ Hofmann I, Geer MJ, Vögtle T, Crispin A, Campagna DR, Barr A, Calicchio ML, Heising S, van Geffen JP, Kuijpers M, Heemskerk J, Eble JA, Schmitz-Abe K, Obeng EA, Douglas M, Freson K, Pondarré C, Favier R, Jarvis GE, Markianos K, Turro E, Ouwehand WH, Mazharian A, Fleming MD, Senis YA (September 2018). "Congenital macrothrombocytopenia with focal myelofibrosis due to mutations in human G6b-B is rescued in humanized mice". Blood. 132 (13): 1399–1412. doi:10.1182/blood-2017-08-802769. PMID 29898956. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  18. ↑ Pizzi M, Gergis U, Chaviano F, Orazi A (September 2016). "The effects of hematopoietic stem cell transplant on splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated myelofibrosis". Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther. 9 (3): 96–104. doi:10.1016/j.hemonc.2016.07.002. PMID 27521149.
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  45. ↑ Kelle, Bayram; Yıldız, Fatih; Paydas, Semra; Bagır, Emine Kılıc; Ergin, Melek; Kozanoglu, Erkan (2015). "Coexistence of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and myelofibrosis". Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia (English Edition). doi:10.1016/j.rbre.2014.11.004. ISSN 2255-5021.
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  67. ↑ Wei XQ, Zheng ZH, Jin Y, Tao J, Abassa KK, Wen ZF, Shao CK, Wei HB, Wu B (September 2014). "Intestinal obstruction caused by extramedullary hematopoiesis and ascites in primary myelofibrosis". World J. Gastroenterol. 20 (33): 11921–6. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11921. PMC 4155387. PMID 25206301.
  68. ↑ Rajasekaran A, Ngo TT, Abdelrahim M, Glass W, Podoll A, Verstovsek S, Abudayyeh A (August 2015). "Primary myelofibrosis associated glomerulopathy: significant improvement after therapy with ruxolitinib". BMC Nephrol. 16: 121. doi:10.1186/s12882-015-0121-6. PMC 4521341. PMID 26232031.
  69. ↑ Shimono J, Tsutsumi Y, Ohigashi H (January 2015). "[Acute renal tubular damage caused by disseminated Trichosporon infection in primary myelofibrosis]". Rinsho Ketsueki (in Japanese). 56 (1): 21–4. doi:10.11406/rinketsu.56.21. PMID 25745963.
  70. ↑ Babushok DV, Nelson EJ, Morrissette J, Joshi S, Palmer MB, Frank D, Cambor CL, Hexner EO (September 2018). "Myelofibrosis patients can develop extramedullary complications including renal amyloidosis and sclerosing hematopoietic tumor while otherwise meeting traditional measures of ruxolitinib response". Leuk. Lymphoma: 1–4. doi:10.1080/10428194.2018.1509319. PMID 30227762. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  71. ↑ Kaygusuz I, Koc M, Arikan H, Adiguzel C, Cakalagaoglu F, Tuglular TF, Akoglu E (January 2010). "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with idiopathic myelofibrosis". Ren Fail. 32 (2): 273–6. doi:10.3109/08860220903573286. PMID 20199191.
  72. ↑ Bohra GK, Meena DS, Bajpai N, Purohit A (May 2018). "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in a patient with prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis". BMJ Case Rep. 2018. doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-223803. PMID 29728434.
  73. ↑ Christensen AS, Møller JB, Hasselbalch HC (April 2014). "Chronic kidney disease in patients with the Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms". Leuk. Res. 38 (4): 490–5. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2014.01.014. PMID 24630365.
  74. ↑ Cvetković ZP, Cvetković BR, Celeketić D, Milenković D, Perunicić-Peković G (2010). "Bilateral ureteral obstruction due to primary myelofibrosis caused hyperuricaemia". Acta Chir Iugosl. 57 (2): 79–83. PMID 20949707.
  75. ↑ Gangat N, Caramazza D, Vaidya R, George G, Begna K, Schwager S, Van Dyke D, Hanson C, Wu W, Pardanani A, Cervantes F, Passamonti F, Tefferi A (February 2011). "DIPSS plus: a refined Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System for primary myelofibrosis that incorporates prognostic information from karyotype, platelet count, and transfusion status". J. Clin. Oncol. 29 (4): 392–7. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.32.2446. PMID 21149668.
  76. ↑ Bose P, Verstovsek S (August 2016). "Prognosis of Primary Myelofibrosis in the Genomic Era". Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 16 Suppl: S105–13. doi:10.1016/j.clml.2016.02.031. PMC 4987499. PMID 27521306.
  77. ↑ Kuykendall AT, Talati C, Padron E, Sweet K, Sallman D, List AF, Lancet JE, Komrokji RS (November 2018). "Genetically inspired prognostic scoring system (GIPSS) outperforms dynamic international prognostic scoring system (DIPSS) in myelofibrosis patients". Am. J. Hematol. doi:10.1002/ajh.25335. PMID 30390311.
  78. ↑ Tefferi A, Shah S, Mudireddy M, Lasho TL, Barraco D, Hanson CA, Ketterling RP, Elliott MA, Patnaik MS, Pardanani A, Gangat N (December 2017). "Monocytosis is a powerful and independent predictor of inferior survival in primary myelofibrosis". Br. J. Haematol. doi:10.1111/bjh.15061. PMID 29265333.
  79. ↑ Shah S, Mudireddy M, Hanson CA, Ketterling RP, Gangat N, Pardanani A, Tefferi A (December 2017). "Marked elevation of serum lactate dehydrogenase in primary myelofibrosis: clinical and prognostic correlates". Blood Cancer J. 7 (12): 657. doi:10.1038/s41408-017-0024-9. PMC 5802557. PMID 29249804.
  80. ↑ Kuo MC, Lin TH, Sun CF, Lin TL, Wu JH, Wang PN, Huang YJ, Chang H, Huang TY, Shih LY (June 2018). "The clinical and prognostic relevance of driver mutations in 203 Taiwanese patients with primary myelofibrosis". J. Clin. Pathol. 71 (6): 514–521. doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204829. PMID 29203554.
  81. ↑ Tefferi A, Nicolosi M, Mudireddy M, Szuber N, Finke CM, Lasho TL, Hanson CA, Ketterling RP, Pardanani A, Gangat N, Mannarelli C, Fanelli T, Guglielmelli P, Vannucchi AM (March 2018). "Driver mutations and prognosis in primary myelofibrosis: Mayo-Careggi MPN alliance study of 1,095 patients". Am. J. Hematol. 93 (3): 348–355. doi:10.1002/ajh.24978. PMID 29164670.


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