Non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sowminya Arikapudi, M.B,B.S. [2]
Overview
The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are weakened immune system, autoimmune disorders, certain infections, and previous cancer treatment. Other possible risk factors include positive family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, exposure to pesticides, exposure to trichloroethylene, diet, obesity, hair dyes, and occupational exposures.
Risk Factors
The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are:[1] , , , , , , previous cancer treatment, exposure to chemicals and drugs (pesticides,methotrexate,tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, trichloroethylene, cigarette smoking for ≥ 40 years, diet, BMI ≥30 kg/m2, hair dyes, occupational exposures (hairdresser, farmer), and breast implants.
| Known risk factors | Factors that Decrease risk |
|---|---|
| Age (above 60 years) | |
| Ethnicity (Caucasians more than African and Asian Americans) | |
| Positive family history of first degree relative with non-Hodgkin lymphoma | |
| Weakened immune system ( genetic diseases like ataxia telangectasia or infection like HIV) | |
| B-cell activating autoimmune disorders | |
| Radiation exposure | |
| Infections ( HIV, Hep C, HTLV-1, EBV, HHV-8, Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydophila psittaci, Campylobacter jejuni), |
A. Known risk factors
- The likelihood of getting non-Hodgkin lymphoma increases with age and is more common in men than in women.
1. Weakened immune system
- a. Congenital immune system damage
- Inherited disorders
- Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT)
- Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
- Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
- X-linked lymphoproliferative disorder
- b. Acquired immune system damage
- Acquired disorders
- Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)
- HIV and AIDS
- Immunosuppressant drugs for
- Organ transplant (such as a kidney, heart or liver transplant)
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
2. Autoimmune disorders
- Linked with marginal cell lymphoma
- Linked with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
- Linked with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
- Linked with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
- Linked with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
- Linked with a higher risk for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL)
- Hashimotos thyroiditis
- Linked with a higher risk of developing primary thyroid lymphoma
3. Certain infections
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
- Causes infectious mononucleosis
- Occur most commonly in Africa
- Linked to Burkitt lymphoma
- Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus, type 1 (HTLV-1)
- Most common in southern Japan and the Caribbean
- Risk of developing adult T-cell lymphoma and leukemia
- Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)
- Linked with primary effusion lymphoma, body cavity lymphoma and AIDS-related lymphoma
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV)
- Higher risk of developing some types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
- Linked with gastric lymphomas, particularly mucosa-associated lymphoid-tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma)
- Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni)
- Linked with a mucosa-associated lymphoid-tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma)
4. Previous cancer treatment
- People who have received chemotherapy, with or without radiation therapy
- People who have been treated for cancer have a higher risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma for the rest of their lives
- The risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma is greatest in the first 5 years after treatment
B. Possible risk factors
- 1. Family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not generally considered to be familial, which means occurring in families more often than would be expected by chance
- Higher risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in people with a first-degree relative (a parent, brother, sister or child) who has been diagnosed with lymphoma
- 2. Exposure to pesticides
- Exposure to certain pesticides, such as Agent Orange, may be linked with a higher risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- 3. Exposure to trichloroethylene
- Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a solvent used mostly to remove grease from metal
- Exposure to TCE may increase the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- 4. Diet
- Diets high in meat, dairy products and saturated fat may increase the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Diets low in vegetables increase the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- 5. Obesity
- May increase the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma, particularly large B-cell lymphoma
- 6. Hair dyes
- Higher risk in people who used hair dye before 1980
- Risk affects people who used permanent dyes with dark colors in particular
- Risk may also be higher in hair dressers and barbers, who were exposed to the dye at work
- 7. Occupational exposures
- Farming
- Rubber industry
- Wood and forestry
- Printing
- Welding