DMAC1

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Transmembrane protein 261 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM261 gene located on chromosome 9.[1] TMEM261 is also known as C9ORF123 and DMAC1, Chromosome 9 Open Reading Frame 123 and Transmembrane Protein C9orf123[2] and Distal membrane-arm assembly complex protein 1[3].

Gene Features


TMEM261 is located at 9p24.1, its length is 91,891 base pairs (bp) on the reverse strand.[2] Its neighbouring gene is PTPRD located at 9p23-p24.3 also on the reverse strand and encodes protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type delta.[1][2] TMEM261 has 2 exons and 1 intron, and 6 primary transcript variants; the largest mRNA transcript variant consisting of 742bp with a protein 129 amino acids (aa) in length and 13,500 Daltons (Da) in size, and the smallest coding transcript variant being 381bp with a protein 69aa long and 6,100 Da in size.[4][5]

File:TMEM261 features.jpg
Annotated features of TMEM261 protein including topology and important sites for phosphorylation and Myristoylation as well DUF4536 and transmembrane helical domains.

Protein Features

TMEM261 is a protein consisting out of 112 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 11.8 kDa.[6] The isoelectric point is predicted to be 10.2,[7] whilst its posttranslational modification value is 9.9.[5]

Structure

File:TMEM261interactions.jpg
Some proteins found to interact with TMEM261

TMEM261 contains a domain of unknown function, DUF4536 (pfam15055), predicted as a helical membrane spanning domain about 45aa (Cys 47- Ser 92) in length with no known domain relationships.[8][9] Two further transmembrane helical domains are predicted of lengths 18aa (Val 52-Ala 69) and 23aa (Pro 81-Ala 102]).[10][11] There is also a low complexity region spanning 25aa (Thr 14-Ala 39).[12] The tertiary structure for TMEM261 has not yet been determined. However, its protein secondary structure is mostly composed of coiled-coil regions with beta strands and alpha helices found within the transmembrane and domain of unknown function regions. The N-terminal region of TMEM261 is composed of a disordered region[13][14] which contains the low complexity region[12] that is not highly conserved amongst orthologues.[15][16]

Modifications

A N-myristoylation domain is shown to be present in most TMEM261 protein variants.[5] Post-translational modifications include myristoylation of the N-terminal Glycine residue (Gly2)[5][17] of the TMEM261 protein as well as phosphorylation of Threonine 31.[18]

Interactions

Proteins shown to interact with TMEM261 include NAAA (protein-protein interaction), QTRT1 (RNA-protein interaction),ZC4H2(DNA-protein interaction)[19] and ZNF454(DNA-protein interaction).[20][21] It has also shown to interact with APP(protein-protein interaction),[22] ARHGEF38(protein-protein interaction)[23] and HNRNPD(RNA-protein interaction).[24][25]

File:Tissueexpression.jpg
Tissue expression of TMEM261 showing tissue enriched gene (TEG) expression [26]

Additional transcription factor binding sites (DNA-protein interaction) predicted include one binding site for MEF2C a monocyte-specific enhancement factor that is involved in muscle-cell regulation particularly in the cardiovascular system [2][27] and two binding sites for GATA1 which is a globin transcription factor 1 involved in erythroblast development regulation.[28][29][30]

Expression

TMEM261 shows ubiquitous expression in humans and is detected in almost all tissue types.[31][32] It shows tissue-enriched gene (TEG) expression when compared to housekeeping gene (HKG) expression.[26] Its highest expression is seen in the heart (overall relative expression 94%) particularly in heart fibroblast cells, thymus (overall relative expression 90%), and thyroid (overall relative expression 93%) particularly in thyroid glandular cells.[26][31] Staining intensity of cancer cells showed intermediate to high expression in breast, colorectal, ovarian, skin, urothelial, head and neck cells.[31]

Function

Currently the function for TMEM261 is unknown.[33] However, gene amplification and rearrangements of its locus have been associated with various cancers including colorectal cancer,[34] breast cancer[35] and lymphomas.[36][37]

Evolution

Orthologues

The orthologues and homologues of TMEM261 are limited to vertebrates, its oldest homologue dates to that of the cartilaginous fishes[38] which diverged from Homo sapiens 462.5 million years ago.[39] The protein primary structure of TMEM261 shows higher overall conservation in mammals, however high conservation of the domain of unknown function (DUF4536) to the C-terminus region is seen in all orthologues, including distant homologues. The protein structure of TMEM261 shows conservation across most orthologues.[15][16]

Organism Scientific Name Accession Number Date of Divergence from Humans (million years) Amino acids (aa) Identity (%) Class
Humans Homo sapiens NP_219500.1 0 112 100 Mammalia
Gorilla Gorilla gorilla XP_004047847.1 8.8 112 99 Mammalia
Olive baboon Papio anubis XP_003911767.1 29 112 84 Mammalia
Sunda flying lemur Galeopterus variegatus XP_008587957.1 81.5 112 68 Mammalia
Lesser Egyptian jerboa Jaculus Jaculus XP_004653029.1 92.3 109 56 Mammalia
Naked mole rat Heterocephalus glaber XP_004898193.1 92.3 114 45 Mammalia
White rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum simum XP_004436891.1 94.2 112 66 Mammalia
Nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus XP_004459147.1 104.4 112 59 Mammalia
Green sea turtle Chelonia mydas XP_007056940.1 296 85 49 Reptilia
Zebra finch Taeniopygia Guttata XP_002187613.2 296 72 47 Aves
Western clawed frog Xenopus tropicalis XP_002943025.1 371.2 85 45 Amphibia
Haplochromis burtoni Haplochromis burtoni XP_005928614.1 400.1 91 51 Actinopterygii
Australian ghost shark Callorhinchus milii XP_007884223.1 426.5 86 43 Chondrichthyes

Paralogues

TMEM261 has no known paralogs.[38]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Entrez Protein: TMEM261".
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "GeneCards: PTPRD".
  3. ↑ "DMAC1 - Distal membrane-arm assembly complex protein 1 - Homo sapiens (Human) - DMAC1 gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  4. ↑ Thierry-Mieg, D; Thierry-Mieg, J. (2006). "AceView: a comprehensive cDNA-supported gene and transcripts annotation". Genome Biology. 7 (Suppl 1): S12. doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-s1-s12. PMC 1810549. PMID 16925834.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "AceView:Homo sapiens gene C9orf123".
  6. ↑ "Ensemble:Transcript TMEM261-003".
  7. ↑ "PI:Isoelectric point determination".
  8. ↑ "NCBI Conserved Domains: DUF4536".
  9. ↑ "EMBL-EBI Interpro: Transmembrane protein 261 (Q96GE9)".
  10. ↑ "Phobius: A combined transmembrane topology and signal peptide predictor".
  11. ↑ "Q96GE9 - TM261_HUMAN". UniProt. UniProt Consortium.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Vega: Transcript: C9orf123-003".
  13. ↑ "PHYRE: Protein Homology/analogY Recognition Engine". PHYRE.
  14. ↑ Kelley, LA; Sternberg, MJE (2009). "Protein structure prediction on the Web: a case study using the Phyre server". MJE. 4: 363–371. doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.2. PMID 19247286.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "ClustalW".
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Thompson, Julie D; Higgins, Desmond G; Gibson, Toby J (1994). "CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice". Nucleic Acids Res. 22 (22): 4673–4680. doi:10.1093/nar/22.22.4673. PMC 308517. PMID 7984417.
  17. ↑ Gallo, Vincenzo. "Myristoylation : Proteins Post-translational Modifications". flipper.diff.org. University of Turin.
  18. ↑ "Nextprot:TMEM261 » Transmembrane protein 261".
  19. ↑ Dash A, et al. (2002). "Changes in differential gene expression because of warm ischemia time of radical prostatectomy specimens". Am J Pathol. 161 (5): 1743–1748. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64451-3. PMC 1850797. PMID 12414521.
  20. ↑ Rovillain E, et al. (2011). "An RNA interference screen for identifying downstream effectors of the p53 and pRB tumour suppressor pathways involved in senescence". BMC Genomics. 12 (355). doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-355. PMC 3161017. PMID 21740549.
  21. ↑ "c9orf123 protein (Homo Sapiens)- STRING Network View". STRING - Known and Predicted Protein-Protein Interactions.
  22. ↑ Oláh J, et al. (2011). "Interactions of pathological hallmark proteins: tubulin polymerization promoting protein/p25, beta-amyloid, and alpha-synuclein". J Biol Chem. 286 (39): 34088–34100. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.243907. PMC 3190826. PMID 21832049.
  23. ↑ Huttlin EL, et al. (2014). "High-Throughput Proteomic Mapping of Human Interaction Networks via Affinity-Purification Mass Spectrometry (Pre-Publication)". Pre-Publication.
  24. ↑ Lehner, B; Sanderson, C M (2004). "A protein interaction framework for human mRNA degradation". Genome Res. 14 (7): 1315–1323. doi:10.1101/gr.2122004. PMC 442147. PMID 15231747.
  25. ↑ "9ORF123 chromosome 9 open reading frame 123". BioGRID: Database of Protein and Genetic Interactions. TyersLab.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 She X, Rohl CA, Castle JC, Kulkarni AV, Johnson JM, Chen R (2009). "Definition, conservation and epigenetics of housekeeping and tissue-enriched genes". BMC Genomics. 10: 269. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-269. PMC 2706266. PMID 19534766.
  27. ↑ "GeneCards:MEF2C Gene".
  28. ↑ Welch JJ, et al. (2004). "Global regulation of erythroid gene expression by transcription factor GATA-1". Blood. 104 (10): 3136–3147. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-04-1603. PMID 15297311.
  29. ↑ Merryweather-Clarke AT, et al. (2011). "Global gene expression analysis of human erythroid progenitors". Blood. 117 (13): e96–108. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-07-290825. PMID 21270440.
  30. ↑ "Genomatics- NGS Data Analysis and Personalised Medicine". Genomatix. Genomatix Software GmbH.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "The Human Protein Atlas:TMEM261".
  32. ↑ "EST profile: TMEM261". UniGene. National Library of Medicine.
  33. ↑ Wu J, et al. (2012). "Identification and functional analysis of 9p24 amplified genes in human breast cancer". Oncogene. 31 (3): 333–341. doi:10.1038/onc.2011.227. PMC 3886828. PMID 21666724.
  34. ↑ Gaspar, C (2008). "Cross-Species Comparison of Human and Mouse Intestinal Polyps Reveals Conserved Mechanisms in Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC)-Driven Tumorigenesis". Am J Pathol. 172 (5): 1363–1380. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2008.070851. PMC 2329845. PMID 18403596.
  35. ↑ Wu, J (2012). "Identification and functional analysis of 9p24 amplified genes in human breast cancer". Oncogene. 31 (3): 333–341. doi:10.1038/onc.2011.227. PMC 3886828. PMID 21666724.
  36. ↑ Twa DD, et al. (2014). "Genomic Rearrangements Involving Programmed Death Ligands Are Recurrent in Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphoma". Blood. 123 (13): 2062–2065. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-10-535443. PMID 24497532.
  37. ↑ Green MR, et al. (2010). "Integrative Analysis Reveals Selective 9p24.1 Amplification, Increased PD-1 Ligand Expression, and Further Induction via JAK2 in Nodular Sclerosing Hodgkin Lymphoma and Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphoma". Blood. 116 (17): 3268–3277. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-05-282780. PMC 2995356. PMID 20628145.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "NCBI BLAST:Basic Local Alignment Search Tool".
  39. ↑ Hedges, S. Blaire; Dudley, Joel; Kumar, Sudhir (22 September 2006). "TimeTree: a public knowledge-base of divergence times among organisms" (PDF). Bioinformatics. 22 (23): 2971–2972. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl505. PMID 17021158.

External links

Further reading

  • Nicholas K. Tonks (2006). "Protein tyrosine phosphatases: from genes, to function, to disease". Cancer Cell. 7: 833–846. doi:10.1038/nrm2039.
  • Merryweather-Clarke AT, et al. (2011). "Global gene expression analysis of human erythroid progenitors". Blood. 117 (13): e96–108. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-07-290825. PMID 21270440.
  • Welch JJ, Watts JA, Vakoc CR, et al. (2004). "Global regulation of erythroid gene expression by transcription factor GATA-1". Blood. 104 (10): 3136–3147. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-04-1603. PMID 15297311.
  • Nickeleit I, et al. (2008). "Argyrin a reveals a critical role for the tumor suppressor protein p27(kip1) in mediating antitumor activities in response to proteasome inhibition". Cancer Cell. 14 (1): 23–35. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2008.05.016. PMID 18598941.
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