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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zahir Ali Shaikh, MD[2]

Vaginal/Vulvar mass differential diagnosis

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard
Symptoms Physical exam Lab Findings Imaging Histopathology
Abnormal

vaginal bleeding

Abnormal vaginal dyscharge Pelvic

pain

Itching or

burning of the vulva

Other Genitourinary/ Gastrointestinal symptoms B symptoms Abdominal pain Gynecological examinations Abdominal

mass

HPV Pap smear STI Panel Ultrasound MRI CT Scan
Cervical cancer[1][2][3][4][5][6] + + + +

+

+ ± ±Chlamydia T2-weighted MRI :
  • Ovoid, heterogeneous tumor distending the cervical canal with stromal involvement.
 PET/CT scan:
Cervical polyp[7]
  • Postcoital
  • Intermenstrual
  • Postmenopausal
  • Bleeding after exam
 + − − − − −
  • Mass on exam
 − − − −
  • Hyper/hypoechogenic masses with or without cysts
  • Filling the endocervical or vaginal canal
  • Epithelial cells with no nuclear atypia/mitoses
  • Hysteroscopy /Biopsy
Cervical leiomyoma[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
  • Heavy/prolonged menstrual bleeding
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
 + + −
  • Urinary retention
  • Constipation
  • Infertility
  • Bowel obstruction
  • Increase in pregnancy/labor complications
 − +
  • Large,irregular pelvic mass
 ±
− − −
  • Well circumscribed hyperechoic mass
 T2-weighted MRI:
  • Hypointense masses
  • Homogeneous

enhancement

  • Red degeneration
  • Spindle shaped smooth muscle cells
  • Mature adipocytes
  • Extracellular matrix consist of collagen,fibronectin.
  • Clinical diagnosis/ and
  • Ultrasound
Cervical lymphoma[16][17]
  • Postmenopausal bleeding
 − + −
  • Difficulty urinating
  • Post-coital pain
 + +
  • Larrge uterine/cervix mass
  • Irregularity
 + − − −
  • Well-defined, solid, concentric, hypoechoic mass
  • Small tumor cells with large nuclei
  • High mitoses and proliferation
  • Biopsy
Cervical sarcoma[18]
  • Intermentrual
  • Postmenopausal
 ± + −
  • Post-coital pain
  • Fullness in pelvic
 ± +
  • Cervical mass
  • Lump protruding from vagina/vulva
 + − − −
  • Biopsy
Cervical erosion(Ectropion)[19][20][21]
  • Light bleeding after pelvic exam
  • Spotting
 + + ±
  • Post-coital pain
  • Painful cramps
  • Pain after sex
 − + − − − −
Cervicitis[22][23]
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Postcoital
  • Bleeding after pelvic exam
 + +
  • Itching
  • Pain during urination
  • Pain during sex
  • Painful menstruation
  • May have fever only
  • Red,inflammed swollen cervix
  • Inflammation/irritation of vulva/vagina
 − − −
  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhea
  • Herpes simplex
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
IUD use[24]
  • Heavy bleeidng
 ± +
  • Itching
  • Painful menstruation
 − − − − ±
Pelvic inflammatory diseases[25]
  • Bleeding after sex
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
 + +
  • Itching/burning
  • Pain during sex
  • Painful menstruation
  • Burning sensation during urination
  • Pain during bowel movement
  • Fever
 ±Abdominal

pain

  • Pelvic pain
  • Vaginal/vulvar tender lesion depending on microbial cause
 − − −
  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhea
Endometriosis[26][27][28][29]
  • Heavy mentrual bleeding
 ±
  • Pelvic pain
  • Back pain
 −
  • Painful menstruation
  • Burning/painful urination
  • Painful bowel movement
  • Pain during or after sex
  • Infertility
 − +
  • Tender uterosacral nodularity
  • Immobile uterus
  • Cervical motion tenderness
  • Retroverted uterus
 − − −
  • Visual inspection by laparascopy
Adenomyosis[30]
  • Abnormal uterine bleeding
 − + −
  • Painful menstruation
 −
  • Polypoid mass protruding into the endocervical canal.
 − − −
Cervical ectopic pregnancy[31]
  • Amennorhea
  • Bleeding after pelvic exam
 − − −
  • Pelvic pain
 − +
  • Soft and disporportionally enlarged uterus.
 − −
  • Empty uterine
  • Thickened endometrium
 T2-weighted MRI:
  • Hypointense large mass

T1-weighted MRI:

  • Partially hyperintense mass
  • Necrotic hemorrhagic mass with chorionic villus
  • Hysterectomy and biopsy
DES exposure (Clear cell adenocarcinoma)[32]
  • Postcoital bleeding
 + − − −
Paget's disease of vulva to cervix[33][34][35]
  • Bleeding from lesion
  • Oozing
 ± −
  • Itching/burning
  • Pain in vulva
 − −
−
  • Scaly eczematoid lesion in vulva.
  • Erythematous plaques with white scaling.
  • Inguinal lymphadenopathy in case of metastases.
 − − − −
  • Intraepidermal adenocarcinoma which involves epidermis
  • Biopsy of lesion
Vaginal cancer[36]
  • Postcoital bleeding

+

  • Tenesmus
  • Dysuria
  • Urinary frequency
  • Constipation
  • Pelvic pain
  • Vaginal lump
  • Inguinal lymphadenopathy
 − − −
Nabothian cyst[37][38][39]
  • Postcoital bleeding
 + − −
  • Pain during sex
 −
  • Cystic mass on exam
 − − − −
  • Intermediate or slightly high signal intensity on T1-weighted
  • High signal intensity on T2-weighted images
Rectal cancer[40][41][42][43][44] - - + -
  • Constipation/diarrhea
  • Absent bowel sounds
  • Rectal mass/bleeding
  • Abdominal tenderness
 Weight loss + LLQ + NL + - - +/- Endoscopic/transrectal US detects tumor extent Determine tumor stage Determine tumor stage
  • Sheets or cords of malignant cells
  • Cellular atypia & pleomorphism
  • High mitotic rate
  • Necrotic debris in glandular lumina
 Colonoscopy with biopsy
Submucous uterine leiomyoma[45][46][47] Menorrhagia - + -
  • Constipation
  • Urinary frequency/incontinence
  • Hydronephrosis
 - + Enlarged, irregular, firm, nontender uterus + - - -
  • Trans vaginal US: well defined hypoechoic
  • Saline US: for submucous fibroids/polypoi
 Provides information on no: of fibroids, size, vascularization, relationship with endometrial cavity & serosal surface Not required Not required Physical examination with Ultrasound
Uterine cancer[48][49][50][51]
  • Menometorrhagia
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Postcoital bleeding
 + + -
  • Polyuria
  • Dysuria
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
 +
  • Enlarged uterus
  • Lymphadenpathy
  • Mesenteric nodules (metastases)
 + - - - Thickened endometrial lining >4cm
  • Endometrial thickening
  • Lymph node involvement
  • Pelvic metastases
 Not required
  • Endometrial malignant cells
  • Low grade type 1
  • High grade type 2
 Histologic diagnosis
Vaginal lymphoma[52][53][54] + + + + Abdominal/pelvic pain - + Palpable mass between rectum & vagina +/- - - - Diffuse mass in external cervical orifice & invading the vagina Diffuse mass in external cervical orifice & invading the vagina Not required CD20 & CD79a positive Immunohistochemistry & biopsy
Vaginal polyp[55][56][57][58] Postmenopausal bleeding + + +
  • Dysperunia
  • Postcoidal bleeding
  • Dysuria
  • Constipation
 - + Mass protruding from vagina +/- - - - To exclude uterine hyperplasia/carcinoma To determine the extent N/A Benign tissue/premalignant cells Excisional biopsy
Vaginal adenosis[59][60][61]
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Postmenopausal bleeding
 +/- +/- +/- - - - Palpable cysts,nodularity or ulcers - - - - N/A N/A N/A Columnar cells in the ectocervix Biopsy with histopathological examination

References

  1. ↑ Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C (January 2013). "Symptoms and risk factors to identify women with suspected cancer in primary care: derivation and validation of an algorithm". Br J Gen Pract. 63 (606): e11–21. doi:10.3399/bjgp13X660733. PMC 3529288. PMID 23336450.
  2. ↑ Dunyo, Priscilla; Effah, Kofi; Udofia, Emilia Asuquo (2018). "Factors associated with late presentation of cervical cancer cases at a district hospital: a retrospective study". BMC Public Health. 18 (1). doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6065-6. ISSN 1471-2458.
  3. ↑ Khalife D, El Housheimi A, Khalil A, Saba C S, Seoud M, Rammal R, Abdallah IE, Abdallah R (February 2019). "Treatment of cervical cancer metastatic to the abdominal wall with reconstruction using a composite myocutaneous flap: A case report". Gynecol Oncol Rep. 27: 38–41. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2018.12.006. PMC 6302027. PMID 30603660. Vancouver style error: name (help)
  4. ↑ . doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000498. Check |doi= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ Brenner PF (September 1996). "Differential diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 175 (3 Pt 2): 766–9. PMID 8828559.
  6. ↑ Alcázar, Juan Luis; Arribas, Sara; Mínguez, José Angel; Jurado, Matías (2014). "The Role of Ultrasound in the Assessment of Uterine Cervical Cancer". The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India. 64 (5): 311–316. doi:10.1007/s13224-014-0622-4. ISSN 0971-9202.
  7. ↑ Mitchell H (May 2004). "Vaginal discharge--causes, diagnosis, and treatment". BMJ. 328 (7451): 1306–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1306. PMC 420177. PMID 15166070.
  8. ↑ Al-Habib A, Elgamal EA, Aldhahri S, Alokaili R, AlShamrani R, Abobotain A, AlRaddadi K, Alkhalidi H (November 2016). "Large primary leiomyoma causing progressive cervical deformity". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (11). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw190. PMC 5159177. PMID 27887011.
  9. ↑ Adaikkalam J (April 2016). "Lipoleiomyoma of Cervix". J Clin Diagn Res. 10 (4): EJ01–2. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/16505.7531. PMID 27190823.
  10. ↑ Houser, L. Murray; Carrasco, C. H.; Sheehan, C. R. (1979). "Lipomatous tumour of the uterus: radiographic and ultrasonic appearance". The British Journal of Radiology. 52 (624): 992–993. doi:10.1259/0007-1285-52-624-992. ISSN 0007-1285.
  11. ↑ Keriakos, Remon; Maher, Mark (2013). "Management of Cervical Fibroid during the Reproductive Period". Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013: 1–3. doi:10.1155/2013/984030. ISSN 2090-6684.
  12. ↑ Coronado GD, Marshall LM, Schwartz SM (May 2000). "Complications in pregnancy, labor, and delivery with uterine leiomyomas: a population-based study". Obstet Gynecol. 95 (5): 764–9. PMID 10775744.
  13. ↑ Kamra, Hemlata T (2013). "Myxoid Leiomyoma of Cervix". JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2013/6171.3805. ISSN 2249-782X.
  14. ↑ El-agwany, Ahmed Samy (2015). "Lipoleiomyoma of the uterine cervix: An unusual variant of uterine leiomyoma". The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 46 (1): 211–213. doi:10.1016/j.ejrnm.2014.10.001. ISSN 0378-603X.
  15. ↑ Chaparala RP, Fawole AS, Ambrose NS, Chapman AH (March 2004). "Large bowel obstruction due to a benign uterine leiomyoma". Gut. 53 (3): 386, 430. PMC 1773948. PMID 14960521.
  16. ↑ Grace A, O'Connell N, Byrne P, Prendiville W, O'Donnell R, Royston D, Walsh CB, Leader M, Kay E (1999). "Malignant lymphoma of the cervix. An unusual presentation and a rare disease". Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 20 (1): 26–8. PMID 10422676.
  17. ↑ Kanaan, Daniel; Parente, Daniella Braz; Constantino, Carolina Pesce Lamas; Souza, Rodrigo Canellas de (2012). "Linfoma de colo de útero: achados na ressonância magnética". Radiologia Brasileira. 45 (3): 167–169. doi:10.1590/S0100-39842012000300009. ISSN 0100-3984.
  18. ↑ Wright JD, Rosenblum K, Huettner PC, Mutch DG, Rader JS, Powell MA, Gibb RK (November 2005). "Cervical sarcomas: an analysis of incidence and outcome". Gynecol. Oncol. 99 (2): 348–51. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.06.021. PMID 16051326.
  19. ↑ Mitchell L, King M, Brillhart H, Goldstein A (September 2017). "Cervical Ectropion May Be a Cause of Desquamative Inflammatory Vaginitis". Sex Med. 5 (3): e212–e214. doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2017.03.001. PMC 5562466. PMID 28460993.
  20. ↑ Mitchell H (May 2004). "Vaginal discharge--causes, diagnosis, and treatment". BMJ. 328 (7451): 1306–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1306. PMC 420177. PMID 15166070.
  21. ↑ Sharma, Abhishek; Ojha, Ranapratap; Sengupta, Parama; Chattopadhyay, Sarbani; Mondal, Soumit (2013). "Cervical intramural pregnancy: Report of a rare case". Nigerian Medical Journal. 54 (4): 271. doi:10.4103/0300-1652.119670. ISSN 0300-1652.
  22. ↑ Mattson SK, Polk JP, Nyirjesy P (July 2016). "Chronic Cervicitis: Presenting Features and Response to Therapy". J Low Genit Tract Dis. 20 (3): e30–3. doi:10.1097/LGT.0000000000000225. PMID 27243142.
  23. ↑ Rosenfeld WD, Clark J (June 1989). "Vulvovaginitis and cervicitis". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 36 (3): 489–511. PMID 2660084.
  24. ↑ Trobough GE (March 1978). "Pelvic pain and the IUD". J Reprod Med. 20 (3): 167–74. PMID 347074.
  25. ↑ Hoenderboom BM, van Benthem B, van Bergen J, Dukers-Muijrers N, Götz HM, Hoebe C, Hogewoning AA, Land JA, van der Sande M, Morré SA, van den Broek I (January 2019). "Relation between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility in a Dutch cohort of women previously tested for chlamydia in a chlamydia screening trial". Sex Transm Infect. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2018-053778. PMID 30606817. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  26. ↑ Hsu AL, Khachikyan I, Stratton P (June 2010). "Invasive and noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of endometriosis". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 53 (2): 413–9. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181db7ce8. PMC 2880548. PMID 20436318.
  27. ↑ Chamié, Luciana Pardini; Blasbalg, Roberto; Pereira, Ricardo Mendes Alves; Warmbrand, Gisele; Serafini, Paulo Cesar (2011). "Findings of Pelvic Endometriosis at Transvaginal US, MR Imaging, and Laparoscopy". RadioGraphics. 31 (4): E77–E100. doi:10.1148/rg.314105193. ISSN 0271-5333.
  28. ↑ Datta S, Kunde K (July 2008). "From vaginal discharge to endometriosis: an unusual case of endometriosis in pregnancy". J Obstet Gynaecol. 28 (5): 552–3. doi:10.1080/01443610802247352. PMID 18850447.
  29. ↑ Chamié, Luciana Pardini; Blasbalg, Roberto; Pereira, Ricardo Mendes Alves; Warmbrand, Gisele; Serafini, Paulo Cesar (2011). "Findings of Pelvic Endometriosis at Transvaginal US, MR Imaging, and Laparoscopy". RadioGraphics. 31 (4): E77–E100. doi:10.1148/rg.314105193. ISSN 0271-5333.
  30. ↑ Filip G, Balzano A, Cagnacci A (November 2018). "Histological evaluation of the prevalence of adenomyosis, myomas and of their concomitance". Minerva Ginecol. doi:10.23736/S0026-4784.18.04291-0. PMID 30486633.
  31. ↑ Mouhajer M, Obed S, Okpala AM (June 2017). "Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy in Resource Deprived Areas: A Rare and Difficult Diagnosis". Ghana Med J. 51 (2): 94–97. PMC 5611908. PMID 28955106.
  32. ↑ Tantitamit T, Hamontri S, Rangsiratanakul L (May 2017). "Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix in second generation young women who are without maternal exposure to diethylstilbestrol: A case report". Gynecol Oncol Rep. 20: 34–36. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2017.02.008. PMC 5328756. PMID 28275694.
  33. ↑ van der Linden, M.; Meeuwis, K.A.P.; Bulten, J.; Bosse, T.; van Poelgeest, M.I.E.; de Hullu, J.A. (2016). "Paget disease of the vulva". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 101: 60–74. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.03.008. ISSN 1040-8428.
  34. ↑ Lloyd J, Evans DJ, Flanagan AM (July 1999). "Extension of extramammary Paget disease of the vulva to the cervix". J. Clin. Pathol. 52 (7): 538–40. PMC 501500. PMID 10605411.
  35. ↑ Shaco-Levy R, Bean SM, Vollmer RT, Papalas JA, Bentley RC, Selim MA, Robboy SJ (January 2010). "Paget disease of the vulva: a histologic study of 56 cases correlating pathologic features and disease course". Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. 29 (1): 69–78. doi:10.1097/PGP.0b013e3181b1cc5e. PMID 19952933.
  36. ↑ Tarney CM, Han J (2014). "Postcoital bleeding: a review on etiology, diagnosis, and management". Obstet Gynecol Int. 2014: 192087. doi:10.1155/2014/192087. PMC 4086375. PMID 25045355.
  37. ↑ Casey PM, Long ME, Marnach ML (February 2011). "Abnormal cervical appearance: what to do, when to worry?". Mayo Clin. Proc. 86 (2): 147–50, quiz 151. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0512. PMC 3031439. PMID 21270291.
  38. ↑ Bin Park, Sung; Lee, Jong Hwa; Lee, Young Ho; Song, Mi Jin; Choi, Hye Jeong (2010). "Multilocular Cystic Lesions in the Uterine Cervix: Broad Spectrum of Imaging Features and Pathologic Correlation". American Journal of Roentgenology. 195 (2): 517–523. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3619. ISSN 0361-803X.
  39. ↑ Okamoto, Yoshikazu; Tanaka, Yumiko O.; Nishida, Masato; Tsunoda, Hajime; Yoshikawa, Hiroyuki; Itai, Yuji (2003). "MR Imaging of the Uterine Cervix: Imaging-Pathologic Correlation". RadioGraphics. 23 (2): 425–445. doi:10.1148/rg.232025065. ISSN 0271-5333.
  40. ↑ Chiara Molinari, Federica Matteucci, Paola Caroli & Alessandro Passardi (2015). "Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging as Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer". Clinical colorectal cancer. 14 (4): 227–238. doi:10.1016/j.clcc.2015.05.014. PMID 26170142. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  41. ↑ William Hamilton & Deborah Sharp (2004). "Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in primary care: the evidence base for guidelines". Family practice. 21 (1): 99–106. PMID 14760054. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  42. ↑ Wolfgang B. Gaertner, Mary R. Kwaan, Robert D. Madoff & Genevieve B. Melton (2015). "Rectal cancer: An evidence-based update for primary care providers". World journal of gastroenterology. 21 (25): 7659–7671. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7659. PMID 26167068. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  43. ↑ V. Raman Muthusamy & Kenneth J. Chang (2007). "Optimal methods for staging rectal cancer". Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 13 (22 Pt 2): 6877s–6884s. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1137. PMID 18006793. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  44. ↑ Mohammad Sadegh Fazeli & Mohammad Reza Keramati (2015). "Rectal cancer: a review". Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 29: 171. PMID 26034724.
  45. ↑ Jacques Donnez & Marie-Madeleine Dolmans (2016). "Uterine fibroid management: from the present to the future". Human reproduction update. 22 (6): 665–686. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmw023. PMID 27466209. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  46. ↑ Mohamed Sabry & Ayman Al-Hendy (2012). "Medical treatment of uterine leiomyoma". Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.). 19 (4): 339–353. doi:10.1177/1933719111432867. PMID 22378865. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  47. ↑ Sahana Gupta, Jude Jose & Isaac Manyonda (2008). "Clinical presentation of fibroids". Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. 22 (4): 615–626. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.008. PMID 18372219. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  48. ↑ "ACOG practice bulletin, clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists, number 65, August 2005: management of endometrial cancer". Obstet Gynecol. 106 (2): 413–25. August 2005. PMID 16055605.
  49. ↑ Boruta DM, Gehrig PA, Fader AN, Olawaiye AB (October 2009). "Management of women with uterine papillary serous cancer: a Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) review". Gynecol. Oncol. 115 (1): 142–153. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.06.011. PMID 19592079.
  50. ↑ Bokhman JV (February 1983). "Two pathogenetic types of endometrial carcinoma". Gynecol. Oncol. 15 (1): 10–7. PMID 6822361.
  51. ↑ Felix AS, Weissfeld JL, Stone RA, Bowser R, Chivukula M, Edwards RP, Linkov F (November 2010). "Factors associated with Type I and Type II endometrial cancer". Cancer Causes Control. 21 (11): 1851–6. doi:10.1007/s10552-010-9612-8. PMC 2962676. PMID 20628804.
  52. ↑ Vera Silva, Paulo Correia, Nuno Oliveira & Luis Sa (2015). "Primary Vaginal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Report of a Rare Clinical Entity". Clinics and practice. 5 (4): 821. doi:10.4081/cp.2015.821. PMID 26918105. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  53. ↑ Feng Wang, Xuquan Jing, Bo Liu, Xue Meng, Xindong Sun, Yongsheng Gao, Linlin Wang & Zheng Fu (2018). "Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the vagina: A case report". Oncology letters. 15 (3): 3504–3507. doi:10.3892/ol.2018.7805. PMID 29556272. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  54. ↑ Salvatore Guastafierro, Amando Tedeschi, Clelia Criscuolo, Maria Celentano, Luigi Cobellis, Raffaele Rossiello & Umberto Falcone (2012). "Primary extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the vagina: a case report and a review of the literature". Acta haematologica. 128 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1159/000337336. PMID 22584110.
  55. ↑ A. I. al-Nafussi, G. Rebello, D. Hughes & K. Blessing (1992). "Benign vaginal polyp: a histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study of 20 polyps with comparison to normal vaginal subepithelial layer". Histopathology. 20 (2): 145–150. PMID 1302457. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  56. ↑ Sunil Kumar Samal, Setu Rathod & Seetesh Ghose (2015). "Fibroepithelial Polyps of the Vagina in Pregnancy". Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR. 9 (10): QJ01–QJ02. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/13329.6656. PMID 26557576. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  57. ↑ M. Petrova, J. Laco, K. Cervicek & M. Tomsova (2015). "[Tubulo-squamous polyp of the vagina]". Ceska gynekologie. 80 (3): 173–175. PMID 26087210. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  58. ↑ Alexis Heller, Adanna Ukazu & Qing Wang (2017). "Pseudosarcomatous Vaginal Polyp". International journal of surgical pathology. 25 (1): 54–55. doi:10.1177/1066896916666676. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  59. ↑ Marguerite B. Vigliani (2017). "A Report of Two Cases of Age-Related Changes in Cervical Morphology in Postmenopausal Women with Vaginal Adenosis". Case reports in obstetrics and gynecology. 2017: 9523853. doi:10.1155/2017/9523853. PMID 28316850.
  60. ↑ Tiantian Han, Ying Jin, Yan Li, Yalan Bi & Lingya Pan (2018). "Clinicopathologic features and outcomes of primary vaginal adenosis as a dermatologic and gynecologic burden: A retrospective study". Medicine. 97 (49): e13470. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000013470. PMID 30544435. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  61. ↑ C. Kranl, B. Zelger, H. Kofler, K. Heim, N. Sepp & P. Fritsch (1998). "Vulval and vaginal adenosis". The British journal of dermatology. 139 (1): 128–131. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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