Sandbox:Affan

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Muhammad Affan M.D.[2]

Surface oral lesions
Oral lesions			Appearance	Associated conditions	Location	Microscopic	Image
White Lesions		Leukoedema	White or whitish grey edematous lesion Diffuse or patchy	Variant of normal oral mucosa	Buccal and labial oral mucosa	Intracellular edema or vacuolization of Malpighian cells.
		Fordyce granules	White or yellow discrete papules Symmetrically distributed	Variant of normal oral mucosa	Buccal mucosa Vermillion border of the lips	Similar to normal sebaceous glands of skin Lacks hair follicles and almost always lack ductal communication with surface.
		Benign migratoy glossitis	Red patches with white distinct border Map like appearance	Psoriasis Diabetes Reiter's syndrome Medications such as Oral contraceptive pills and lithium carbonate	Dorsal/Lateral surface of the tongue	Acanthosis with neutrophils throughout epithelium and surface Microabscesses, plus inflammatory infiltrate in lamina propria Resembles psoriasis
		Hairy tongue	Elongated filliform lingual papillae Carpet like appearance	Xerostomia Medications such as anti-psychotics HIV Amyotropic lateral sclerosis	Dorsum of the tongue	Marked elongation and hyperparakeratosis of the filiform papillae
		Hairy leukoplakia	White patches Corrugated in appearance Hairy, hair-like growths Permanent	EBV virus infection Immunosupression	Buccal mucosa Lateral surface of the tongue Floor of the mouth Palate	Hyperkeratotic oral mucosa due to piling of keratotic squamous epithelium Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusions Balloon cells with margination of chromatin
		White sponge nevus	White patches of tissue (nevi) Singular or multiple Thickened, velvety, sponge-like appearance	Heriditarary	Buccal mucosa	Parakeratosis, acanthosis Extensive vacuolation Dyskeratotic cells exhibit dense peri and paranuclear eosinophilic condensations Abundant Odland bodies
		Lichen Planus	Reticular or papular lace like white lesions Multiple, Painful	Autoimmune disorders disorders	Posterior buccal mucosa Gingival margin	Hyperkeratosis and acanthosis Granular cell layer, sawtoothing of rete pegs, bandlike chronic inflammatory infiltrate Civatte bodies Artifactual cleft formation No atypia
		Frictional hyperkeratosis	White shaggy plaques Could be easily peeled without any pain leaving normal mucosa	Bite trauma Grinding of the teeth	Buccal mucosa Limited to line of dental occlusion	Hyperkeratinization and acanthosis Smooth, corrugated, or ragged, epthelial surfac with multiple keratin projections
		Leukoplakia	White or grayish in patches that can't be wiped away Irregular or flat-textured Thickened or hardened in areas Along with raised, red lesions (speckled leukoplakia or erythroplakia), which are more likely to show precancerous changes	Smoking	Soft palate Floor of mouth Ventral surface of tongue and the retromolar area	Varies histologically from acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, dysplasia or carcinoma in situ Carcinoma in situ is associated with lymphocytes and macrophages
		Erythroplakia	Fiery red patch Smooth, velvety, granular or nodular lesions	Highest risk of malignant transformation	Soft palate Floor of mouth Ventral surface of tongue and the retromolar area	Thin atrophic epithelium with prominent subepithelial vascularity and inflammation. Almost all erythroplakic lesions contain dysplastic cells
Oral lesions			Appearance	Associated conditions	Location	Microscopic	Image
Pigmented lesions	Ephelis		Flat red or light brown spots 3–10 mm in diameter Poorly defined and may merge into large patches	Sun exposed skin	Predominant in outer lips	Mild hyperpigmentation of basal keratinocytes, normal architecture
	Oral melanocytic macule		Focal pigmented brown lesions similar to ephelides Flat and mostly smaller than 1 cm Characterised by a focal increase in melanin production	Idiopathic	Gingiva, with the buccal mucosa and palate	No atypia. Melanin pigmentation tends to be present in significant amounts in the basal-cell layer.
	Oral melanoacanthoma		Rapidly enlarging, asymptomatic, pigmented macule.		Buccal mucosa	Proliferation of benign dendritic melanocytes scattered throughout the epithelium, acanthosis and spongiosis
	Smoker's melanosis		Irregular macular hyperpigmentation of the oral mucosa. Brown patches	Smoking Tobacco chewing	Mandibular anterior gingivain cigarette smokers Buccal mucosa in pipe smokers. Hard palate in those who engage in reverse smoking	Increased melanin pigmentation is noted in the basal cell layer of the epithelium. Melanin incontinence may also be noted in the underlying lamina propria
	Melanoma		Varies from dark brown to blue-black Mucosa-colored and white lesions are occasionally noted Erythema is observed when the lesions are inflamed.	Idiopathic	80% cases involve palate and maxillary gingiva Buccal mucosa, mandibular gingiva, and tongue lesions	Acral lentiginous Malignant cells often nest or cluster in groups in an organoid fashion
	Kaposi sarcoma		Purplish, reddish blue or dark brown macules Plaques and nodules that may ulcerate	HIV and HHV-8.	Hard palate is most frequently affected, followed by the gums	Spindle cells with minimal nuclear atypia
	Addison's disease		Mucosal hyperpigmentation	Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism resulting in hypocalcemia Vitiligo Premature ovarian failure Pernicious anemia Myasthenia gravis Chronic candidiasis Sjögren syndrome Chronic active hepatitis Diabetes mellitus type 1 Hypothyroidism Hashimoto thyroiditis Graves hyperthyroidism Adrenoleukodystrophy	Gingival Vermillion border of the lips Buccal mucosa, palateand tongue	Hyperparakeratinized areas showing acanthosis, spongiosis, exocytosis, vacuolar degeneration, Substantial deposition of melanin in all epithelial layers Melanocytic hyperplasia Dendritic melanocytes in all epithelial layers.
	Peutz jeghers syndrome		Flat, painless brown pigmented patches	Inherited, autosomal dominant	Perioral Freckling of the skin around lips and vermillionzone of the lips. Intraorally Buccal mucosa Tongue Labial mucosa	Mild acanthosis with elongation of the rete pegs with increased pigmentation in the melanocytes and adjacent keratinocytes
	Neurofibromatosis		Nodular neurofibroma Macroglossia Enlargement of filiform papillae	Cafe au lait macules Freckling in the axillary or inguinalregions (Crowe´s sign) Optic glioma Lisch nodules (irishamartomas) Sphenoid dysplasia A first-degree relative	Tongue Lips Palate Buccal mucosa Gingiva Floor of the mouth or the pharynx	Proliferation of all elements of peripheral nerves Schwann cells with wire like collagen fibrils,fibroblasts and collagen Perineurial cells in plexiform types, mitotic figures are rare
	Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia		Orofacial deformity Dental disorders Bone pains Compromised oral health	McCune-Albright syndrome	Predominantly involves musculo-skeletal defects of oral cavity Gingiva	Curvilinear trabeculae of metaplastic woven bone in hypocellular, fibroblastic stroma
	Amalgam tattoo		Blue-black macules	Dental Implantsurgery	Gingival margin or proximal buccal mucosanear amalgam dental fillings	Pigmented fragments of metal within connective tissue A scattered arrangement of black or dark brown granules Large particles may be surrounded by chronically inflamed fibrous tissue
Oral lesions			Appearance	Associated conditions	Location	Microscopic	Image
Vesicular/ Ulcerative	Infections	Herpes simplex virusinfections	Herpetic gingivostomatitis Painful ulcers covered by a yellowish pseudomembrane Ulcers that may coalesce to form bigger lesions Self limiting after 7 days	HSV 1 Infection	Gums Palate Tongue Lips	Keratinized and non-keratinized mucosa. Intra and intercellular edema (acantholysis) Intranuclear inclusions Multinucleate polykaryons (giant cells)
		Herpes zoster	Clustered small ulcers with characteristic unilateral pattern		Hard palate. Buccal mucosa Tongue Gingiva	Keratinocytes are multinucleated, acantholytic with distinct nuclear inclusions, found initially in follicular epithelium Late epidermal necrosis or full-thickness acantholysis Dermal nerve twigs may exhibit a perineural infiltrate of lymphocytes and neutrophils, sometimes associated with intraneural involvement Schwann cell hypertrophy and frank neural necrosis are occasionally encountered
		Hand foot mouth disease	Irregularly shaped shallow ulcers with yellow-grey base and hyperemic margin.	Coxsackievirus	Margings of tongue Inside of cheeks Anterior fauces On the mandible above the posterior molar teeth Soft palate	Vesicular lesions will demonstrate loose strands of fibrin, lymphocytes and neutrophils in the vesicular fluid. The presence of acantholysis in the epidermis and perivascular infiltration of leukocytes is seen in hand foot and mouth disease. The absence of intracelluar inclusion bodies differentiates it from the herpes simplex infection.
		Infectious mononucliosis	Tonsillar exudates Appear white, gray-green, or even necrotic Palatal petechiae with streaky hemorrhages and blotchy red macules	Epstein-Barr virus infection Kissing's Disease	Pharynx Tonsils	Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia Extensive immunoblastic proliferation in sheets and nodules, marked atypia resembling Reed-Sternberg cells
		Erosive lichen planus	Ulcerative stomatitis		Buccal mucosa Sides of the tongue Gingiva Lips
		Pseudomembranous candidiasis	Known as thrush. Usually asymptomatic. Confluent white wipeable plaques resembling curdled milk Superficially the plaques can be wiped off and the underlying mucosa often exhibits an erythematous appearance.	Chronic medications Immuno-suppressive conditions	Oral mucosa, Tongue Buccal mucosa Hard palate	Wet mount examination with 10% KOH or saline demonstrates hyphae, pseudohyphae, and blastospores.
		Histoplasmosis	Disease affect the lungs and cause acute or chronic respiratory problems in the immunocompromised population. Ulcerating erosive or nodular lesions in the oral mucous membrane. The oral lesions may also appear granulomatous and may be painful The ulcers may often resemble carcinoma or tuberculosis because of the raised and rolled borders, usually covered by a yellow or greyish membrane.	Ohio and Mississippi river valleys	Oral mucosa Tongue Palate Lips	Characterized by a budding yeast connected with a narrow base and is mostly identified within the macrophages and monocytes.
		Blastomycosis	Ulcerative mucosal lesions Sessile projections, granulomatous or verrucous lesions. Small ulcers are characteristic oral manifestation and may present as a primary lesion or secondary to disseminated disease. Oral lesions may resemble actinomycosis without the suppurative element	Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio River valleys and the Great lakes region.	Ginguve Mostly Pulmonary Nodules	Classic appearance on modified Wright's stain Multinucleated yeast cell Single broad-based bud Round to oval in shape with 12 um diameter
		Coccidiodomycosis	Asymptomatic Pulmonary or extrapulmonary disease Oral lesions are uncommon Described as ulcerated granulomatous nodules Ulcers appear nonspecific and usually heal by hyalinization and scar	Dust exposure in endemic areas, due to occupational activities agricultural or construction workers Military personnel training in endemic areas Construction work, and model airplane competitions Natural disasters such as earthquakes and windstorms	Tongue	It is a dimorphic fungus and on microscopy, the following can be seen Spherule with endospores Rarely as hyphae in lung biopsy
	Autoimmune conditions	Pemphigus vulgaris	Superficial ulcers to small vesicles or blisters. In the oral cavity, the bubbles rapidly break, leaving a painful erosion producing burning sensation. The size of the ulcers is extremely variable. Nikolsky's sign	Inflammatory bowel disease Rheumatoid arthritis	Buccal mucosa Soft palate Lower lip Tongue Less frequently, at the gingiva	Intraepithelial blister with acantholysis and chronic inflammation
		Mucous membrane pemphigoid (Cicatricial pemphigoid)	Desquamative gingivitis The lesions show as simple erythema or true ulcerations affecting both the fixed gingiva and the adherent gingiva. The symptoms associated with these conditions go from burning sensation and bleeding to mastication impairment Pemphigoid blisters are less brittle than those seen in pemphigus Remain intact in the oral cavity for up to 48 hours	Hypothyroidism	Gingiva Buccal mucosa Palate
		Aphthous ulcer	Shallow, round to oval ulcer with white or yellow pseudomembrane surrounded by halo In chronic ulcer grey membrane may replace the yellow pseudomembrane			Non-keratinized oral mucosa along the labial or buccal surfaces, soft palate, floor of the mouth, ventral or lateral surface of the tongue and oropharynx
		Erythema multiforme	Prodromal skin target lesions, bullae and ulcerations with irregular borders and inflammatory halos, bloody encrustations on the lips	Infections e.g. EBV, CMV herpes, and mycoplasma etc Drugs e.g. sulfonamides, anticonvulsants etc	Lips Buccal mucosa Tongue
		Sjogren's Syndrome	Affects salivary and lacrimal glands Dryness in the mouth (xerostomia) Deficiency of tears causes xerophthalmia Lack of saliva predisposes patients to develop tooth cavities. Accumulation of plaque Edema and inflammations of the gingiva are frequent clinical signs. Moreover, a salivary flow decrease can develop opportunistic infections.	Crohn's diseae	Gingiva Parotid gland Tooth
		Bullous pemphigoid	Discrete vesicle formation with Multiple ulcers Desquamative gingivitis as the most common presentation	Psoriasis Parkinson's disease Dementia Certain drugs e.g. spironolactone, loop diuretics and neuroleptics Malignancies e.g. breast cancer	Gingiva
	Idiopathic conditions	Allergic contact stomatitis	Erythema, vesicle formation, erosion, ulcer formation and shaggy hyperkeratosis		Tongue Gums Hard palate Buccal mucosa	Oral mucosa may appear acanthotic, hyperkeratotic with elongated rete ridges Lamina propria infiltrated by lymphocytes, plasma cells, histiocytes and eosinophils Hallmark of ICD is perturbation of the skin barrier and epidermal regenerative hyperproliferation Hallmark of ACD is spongiosis
		Irritant contact stomatitis

Soft tissue oral lesions
Reactive lesions		Appearance	Associated conditions	Location	Microscopic	Image
Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia		Benign lesion characterized by hyperemic mucosa with one or more bulbous or nodular growth measuring less than 2 mm	Palatal torus Candida albicans infections Use of upper dentures smoking poor oral condition	Hard palate	Papillary projection covered with stratified squamous epithelium underlying edematous connective tissue with chronic inflammatory infiltrate
Fibrous hyperplasia
Mucocele
Necrotizing sialometaplasia
Periodontal abscess
Periapical abscess
Tumors		Appearance	Associated conditions	Locations	Microscopic	Image
Epithelial tumors	Squamous cell carcinoma
	Oral epithelial dysplasia
	Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia
Papillomas	Condyloma acuminatum
	Verrucous vulgaris
	Multifocal epithelial hyperplasia
Salivary type tumors	Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
	Pleomorphic adenoma
Soft tissue and Neural tumors	Granular cell tumor
	Rhabdomyoma
	Lymphangioma
	Hemangioma
	Schwannoma
	Neurofibroma
	Kaposi sarcoma
	Myofibroblastic sarcoma
Hematolymphoid tumors	CD-30 positive lymphoproliferative disorder
	Plasmablastic lymphoma
	Langerhan cell histiocytosis
	Extramedullary myeloid sarcoma
Tumors of uncertain histiogenesis	Congenital granular cell epulis	Solitary, somewhat pedunculated fibroma like lesion attached to the alveolar ridge near the midline		Gum pads	Sheets of closely packed large, rounded polygonal cells with abundant granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm and a single basophilic nucleus and scant fibrous stroma Stained diffusely but strongly for vimentin and neuron specific esolase (NSE) pointing towards mesenchymal cell or nerve tissue as probable source of origin and negative for smooth muscle actin (SMA) and S-100
	Ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor	Asymptomatic slow growing solitary nodule nodule in the anterior dorsal tongue		Anterior part of the tongue	Round, cup-shaped, fusiform, or polygonal cells with uniform small nuclei and moderate amounts of faintly basophilic cytoplasm Some tumors may show nuclear pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, and multinucleation
Cysts	Gingival cyst	Small red color swelling with the bluish tinge Painless around 6 mm in diameter		Canine and premolar region of the mandible and less frequently maxilla	Cystic cavity lined with: Non-keratinized epithelial lining with or without focal areas of acanthosis consisting of clear cells
	Oral Lymphoepithelial cyst (Branchial cleft cyst)	Painless White to yellow Soft to firm Less than 1 cm	HIV	Floor of the mouth Laterla margin of the tongue	Cystic cavity lined with: Stratified squamous and/or pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells containing desquamative epithelial and inflammatory cells
	Oral Epidermoid cyst			Commonly Midline or sublingual region of the floor of the mouth Raely buccal mucosa
	Thyroglossal tract cyst
	Nasolabial cyst ( Klestadt cyst)	Non-tender distension of the nasolabial fold due to swelling and elevation of the lateral nasal ala It may extend inferiorly into labial sulcus or laterally widening the nasal vestibule. Elevation of the bridge of the nose		nasal alar and sublabial region Anterior maxillary region	Nonodontogenic Submusosal Extraosseous Cyst lined with: Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with intermittent occurrence of goblet like mucin producing cells and also cuboidal epithelial lining Stroma consisiting of non-specific chronic inflammatory infiltrate and cholesterol cleft formation