Appendix cancer historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]
Overview
Appendix cancer was first described in the published literature by Sir George Thos. Beatson, an English surgeon, in 1913. Development of surgical sciences revolutionized cancer care, appendix cancer was not an exception. Introduction of chemotherapy agents such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), irinotecan, oxaliplatin, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors (bevacizumab), epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (cetuximab and panitumumab), aflibercept, regorafenib, inhibitor of angiogenic tyrosine kinases (including the VEGF receptors 1, 2,and 3), capecitabine as well as introduction of intraperitoneal chemotherapy including hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapyadvanced appendix cancer treatment. Development of new Imaging modalities such as CT scan, MRI as well as specific imaging modalities such as somatostatin scintigraphy also transfigured approaching to the patients with appendix cancer. Genetic studies introduced novel horizons in approaching patients with appendix cancer.
Historical Perspective
Discovery
- Appendix cancer was first described in the published literature by Sir George Thos. Beatson, an English surgeon, in 1913.[1]
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- Surgical sciences development
- First recorded appendectomy performed on December 6, 1735, at St. George's Hospital in London.[2]
- First reported anesthesia (December 1846. Ether anesthesia, Paris, France),[3] although traditionally Persian surgeons such as Razi prescribed wine to sedate their patients before painful procedures.
- First laparoscopic operation in humans performed by Swedish surgeon, Hans Christian Jacobaeus, on 1910 in Stockholm.[4]
- Chemotherapy
- Introduction of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) the first coorectal chemotherapy agent
- Development of new chemotherapy agents such as:
- Irinotecan
- Oxaliplatin
- Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors (bevacizumab)
- Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (cetuximab and panitumumab),
- Aflibercept
- Regorafenib: inhibitor of angiogenic tyrosine kinases (including the VEGF receptors 1,2, and 3),
- Capecitabine or 5-FU with or without a platinum drug
- Intraperitoneal chemotherapy including hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy plus/minus early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC)
- Introduction of Octereotide analogs to control symptmoes of carcinoid syndrome
- Development of new Imaging modalities
- CT scan, MRI as well as specific imaging modalities such as Somatostatin scintigraphy revolutionized approaching to the patients with appendix cancer
Future horizons
- Genetic studies revolutionized cancer treatment; appendix cancer is not an exception.
- Traditionally appandiceal cancers were approached the same as colorectal cancers. Recent genetic studies demonstrated that appendiceal tumors are clearly differ from colorectal cancers.[5]
- Presence of mutated TP53 and APC genes were significantly lower in appendiceal cancers compared to colorectal cancers.
- It has been shown that mutation profiles are associated with the patients’ prognosis. [6]
- Mutations in the TP53 significantly decrease life expectancy in patients with appendix cancer.
- Regardless of tumor grade, Tp 53 mutations were associated with poorer outcomes.
- Patients with GNAS mutations had a life expectancy of 10 years after diagnosis.
- Appendiceal tumors with GNAS mutations rarely develop into high-grade tumors.
Famous Cases
The following are a few famous cases of appendix cancer:
- Celebrated actress, Audrey Hepburn was the most famous victims of appendix cancer, she passed away in 1993.[7]
- Stuart Scott, ESPN sportscast anchor was diagnosed with appendix cancer in 2007 and died 8 years later in 2015.[8][9]
References
- ↑ Beatson GT (1913) Note on a Case of Carcinoma of the Vermiform Appendix in a Girl, Aged 20 Years. Glasgow Med J 80 (6):418-422. PMID: 30435413
- ↑ Meljnikov I, Radojcić B, Grebeldinger S, Radojcić N (2009) [History of surgical treatment of appendicitis.] Med Pregl 62 (9-10):489-92. PMID: 20391748
- ↑ Robinson DH, Toledo AH (2012) Historical development of modern anesthesia. J Invest Surg 25 (3):141-9. DOI:10.3109/08941939.2012.690328 PMID: 22583009
- ↑ Hatzinger M, Kwon ST, Langbein S, Kamp S, Häcker A, Alken P (2006) Hans Christian Jacobaeus: Inventor of human laparoscopy and thoracoscopy. J Endourol 20 (11):848-50. DOI:10.1089/end.2006.20.848 PMID: 17144849
- ↑ Levine EA, Blazer DG, Kim MK, Shen P, Stewart JH, Guy C; et al. (2012). "Gene expression profiling of peritoneal metastases from appendiceal and colon cancer demonstrates unique biologic signatures and predicts patient outcomes". J Am Coll Surg. 214 (4): 599–606, discussion 606-7. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.12.028. PMC 3768122. PMID 22342786.
- ↑ Levine EA, Votanopoulos KI, Qasem SA, Philip J, Cummins KA, Chou JW; et al. (2016). "Prognostic Molecular Subtypes of Low-Grade Cancer of the Appendix". J Am Coll Surg. 222 (4): 493–503. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.12.012. PMC 4808611. PMID 26821970.
- ↑ "Audrey Hepburn Appendix Cancer".
- ↑ "Stuart Scott's Battle With Cancer".
- ↑ "Stuart Scott, ESPN's Voice of Exuberance, Dies at 49 - The New York Times".