Epithelial ovarian cancer

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hannan Javed, M.D.[2]

Possible genetic alteration in epithelial ovarian cancers
Protein Normal function Result of mutation
Epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-1)[1][2]
  • Promotes cell proliferation
  • Opposes apoptosis
  • Regulates differentiation
  • Activating mutation
  • Increased cellular proliferation
  • Inhibition of apoptosis
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER-2)[1][2]
  • Promotes cell prolifeartion
  • Inhibition of apoptosis
  • Regulates differentiation
  • Activating mutation
  • Increased cellular proliferation
  • Inhibition of apoptosis
Non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src[3][4] Involved in regulation of
  • Gene transcription
  • Angiogenesis
  • Cellular adhesion
  • Cellular proliferation
  • Activating mutation
  • Increased angiogenesis
  • Decreased cellular adhesion
  • Increased tumor metastasis
  • Increased cellular proliferation
CSF-1/fms[5][6][7]
  • Increased macrophage survival
  • Increased macrophage proliferation
  • Increased macrophage differentiation
  • Activating mutation
  • Stimulation of tumor cell proliferation
  • Increased angiogenesis
  • Promotes tumor invasion
  • Increased metastasis
  • Decreased anoikis
Insulin-like growth factor/receptor ILGF/ILGFR[8][9][10]
  • Promotes growth
  • Increased survival
  • Activating mutation
  • Increased proliferation
  • Enhanced survival
  • Suppression of cell cycle regulators
k-ras[11][12]
  • Cellular proliferation
  • Cell survival
  • Activating mutation
  • Increased proliferation
  • Enhanced survival
b-raf[13][14]
  • Cellular proliferation
  • Cellular differentiation
  • Activating mutation
  • Increased proliferation
  • Enhanced growth
TGF-β[15][16][17]
  • May function as a tumor suppressor and a promoter
  • Promotes growth arrest
  • Maintains cellular homeostasis
  • Increased proliferation
  • Decreased apoptosis
  • Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
  • Sustained angiogenesis
  • Evasion of immune surveillance
  • Metastasis
myc
Cyclin D/Cdk4/6
Cyclin E/Cdk2
Cyclin B/Cdk1
p16
p27 (kip-1)
p21 (WAF-1)
NFκB
NOEY(ARHI)
PIP3/Akt
PTEN
p53
BRCA1
BRCA2
MLH1/MSH2
Fas ligand
HLA-G
hTERT
VEGF/VEGFR
IL-8
EphA2
MMPs
αvβ3
FAK
E-cadherin

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wee P, Wang Z (May 2017). "Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Cell Proliferation Signaling Pathways". Cancers (Basel). 9 (5). doi:10.3390/cancers9050052. PMC 5447962. PMID 28513565.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Iqbal N, Iqbal N (2014). "Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) in Cancers: Overexpression and Therapeutic Implications". Mol Biol Int. 2014: 852748. doi:10.1155/2014/852748. PMC 4170925. PMID 25276427.
  3. ↑ Zan L, Wu H, Jiang J, Zhao S, Song Y, Teng G, Li H, Jia Y, Zhou M, Zhang X, Qi J, Wang J (July 2011). "Temporal profile of Src, SSeCKS, and angiogenic factors after focal cerebral ischemia: correlations with angiogenesis and cerebral edema". Neurochem. Int. 58 (8): 872–9. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2011.02.014. PMC 3100427. PMID 21334414.
  4. ↑ Reinecke JB, Katafiasz D, Naslavsky N, Caplan S (April 2014). "Regulation of Src trafficking and activation by the endocytic regulatory proteins MICAL-L1 and EHD1". J. Cell. Sci. 127 (Pt 8): 1684–98. doi:10.1242/jcs.133892. PMC 3986674. PMID 24481818.
  5. ↑ Saad AF, Hu W, Sood AK (December 2010). "Microenvironment and pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer". Horm Cancer. 1 (6): 277–90. doi:10.1007/s12672-010-0054-2. PMC 3199131. PMID 21761359.
  6. ↑ Dwyer AR, Greenland EL, Pixley FJ (June 2017). "Promotion of Tumor Invasion by Tumor-Associated Macrophages: The Role of CSF-1-Activated Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase and Src Family Kinase Motility Signaling". Cancers (Basel). 9 (6). doi:10.3390/cancers9060068. PMC 5483887. PMID 28629162.
  7. ↑ Abraham D, Zins K, Sioud M, Lucas T, Schäfer R, Stanley ER, Aharinejad S (March 2010). "Stromal cell-derived CSF-1 blockade prolongs xenograft survival of CSF-1-negative neuroblastoma". Int. J. Cancer. 126 (6): 1339–52. doi:10.1002/ijc.24859. PMC 3222589. PMID 19711348.
  8. ↑ Laron Z (October 2001). "Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1): a growth hormone". MP, Mol. Pathol. 54 (5): 311–6. PMC 1187088. PMID 11577173.
  9. ↑ Weroha SJ, Haluska P (June 2012). "The insulin-like growth factor system in cancer". Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 41 (2): 335–50, vi. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2012.04.014. PMC 3614012. PMID 22682634.
  10. ↑ Lukanova A, Lundin E, Toniolo P, Micheli A, Akhmedkhanov A, Rinaldi S, Muti P, Lenner P, Biessy C, Krogh V, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Berrino F, Hallmans G, Riboli E, Kaaks R (October 2002). "Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of ovarian cancer". Int. J. Cancer. 101 (6): 549–54. doi:10.1002/ijc.10613. PMID 12237896.
  11. ↑ Prior IA, Lewis PD, Mattos C (May 2012). "A comprehensive survey of Ras mutations in cancer". Cancer Res. 72 (10): 2457–67. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-2612. PMC 3354961. PMID 22589270.
  12. ↑ Franklin WA, Haney J, Sugita M, Bemis L, Jimeno A, Messersmith WA (January 2010). "KRAS mutation: comparison of testing methods and tissue sampling techniques in colon cancer". J Mol Diagn. 12 (1): 43–50. doi:10.2353/jmoldx.2010.080131. PMC 2797717. PMID 20007845.
  13. ↑ Estep AL, Palmer C, McCormick F, Rauen KA (December 2007). "Mutation analysis of BRAF, MEK1 and MEK2 in 15 ovarian cancer cell lines: implications for therapy". PLoS ONE. 2 (12): e1279. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001279. PMC 2093994. PMID 18060073.
  14. ↑ Grisham RN, Iyer G, Garg K, Delair D, Hyman DM, Zhou Q, Iasonos A, Berger MF, Dao F, Spriggs DR, Levine DA, Aghajanian C, Solit DB (February 2013). "BRAF mutation is associated with early stage disease and improved outcome in patients with low-grade serous ovarian cancer". Cancer. 119 (3): 548–554. doi:10.1002/cncr.27782. PMC 3961140. PMID 22930283.
  15. ↑ Alsina-Sanchís E, Figueras A, Lahiguera A, Gil-Martín M, Pardo B, Piulats JM, Martí L, Ponce J, Matias-Guiu X, Vidal A, Villanueva A, Viñals F (July 2017). "TGFβ Controls Ovarian Cancer Cell Proliferation". Int J Mol Sci. 18 (8). doi:10.3390/ijms18081658. PMC 5578048. PMID 28758950.
  16. ↑ Principe DR, Doll JA, Bauer J, Jung B, Munshi HG, Bartholin L, Pasche B, Lee C, Grippo PJ (February 2014). "TGF-β: duality of function between tumor prevention and carcinogenesis". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 106 (2): djt369. doi:10.1093/jnci/djt369. PMC 3952197. PMID 24511106.
  17. ↑ Bierie B, Moses HL (February 2010). "Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and inflammation in cancer". Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 21 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.11.008. PMC 2834863. PMID 20018551.
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