Sandbox:Sahar
| Germ cell | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pathogenesis | Malignant transformation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mature teratoma | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tumors esxpressing transcription factors of pluripotency | Tumors with primitive embryonic ectoderm, mesoderm, and/or endoderm differentiation | Tumors with extraembroyonic differentiation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dysgerminoma/Embryonal carcinoma | Immature teratoma | Yolk sac tumor/Choriocarcinoma | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Possible genetic alteration in epithelial ovarian cancers | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tumor size | FIGO stage | Finding |
| T1 | I | Growth limited to the ovaries |
| T1a | Ia | Growth limited to one ovary; no ascites present containing malignant cells. No tumor on the external surface; capsule intact |
| T1b | Ib | Growth limited to both ovaries; no ascites present containing malignant cells. No tumor on the external surfaces; capsules intact |
| T1c | Ic | Tumor either stage Ia or Ib, but with the tumor on surface of one or both ovaries, or with capsule ruptured, or with ascites present containing malignant cells, or with positive peritoneal washings |
| T2 | II | Growth involving one or both ovaries with pelvic extension |
| T2a | IIa | Extension and/or metastases to the uterus and/or tubes |
| T2b | IIb | Extension to other pelvic tissues |
| T2c | IIc | Tumor either stage IIa or IIb, but with the tumor on surface of one or both ovaries, or with capsule(s) ruptured, or with ascites present containing malignant cells, or with positive peritoneal washings |
| T3 | III | Tumor involving one or both ovaries with histologically confirmed peritoneal implants outside the pelvis and/or positive regional lymph nodes. Superficial liver metastases equal stage III. The tumor is limited to the true pelvis, but with histologically proven malignant extension to small bowel or omentum |
| T3a | IIIa | Tumor grossly limited to the true pelvis, with negative nodes, but with histologically confirmed microscopic seeding of abdominal peritoneal surfaces, or histologic proven extension to small bowel or mesentery |
| T3b | IIIb | Tumor of one or both ovaries with histologically confirmed implants, peritoneal metastasis of abdominal peritoneal surfaces, none exceeding 2 cm in diameter; nodes are negative |
| T3c | IIIc | Peritoneal metastasis beyond the pelvis >2 cm in diameter and/or positive regional lymph nodes |
| AnyT | IV | Growth involving one or both ovaries with distant metastases. If pleural effusion is present, there must be positive cytology to allow a case to stage IV. Parenchymal liver metastasis equals stage IV. |
| Possible genetic alteration in epithelial ovarian cancers | ||
| Tumor size | FIGO stage | Finding |
| T1 | I | Growth limited to the ovaries |
| T1a | Ia | Growth limited to one ovary; no ascites present containing malignant cells. No tumor on the external surface; capsule intact |
| T1b | Ib | Growth limited to both ovaries; no ascites present containing malignant cells. No tumor on the external surfaces; capsules intact |
| T1c | Ic | Tumor either stage Ia or Ib, but with the tumor on surface of one or both ovaries, or with capsule ruptured, or with ascites present containing malignant cells, or with positive peritoneal washings |
| T2 | II | Growth involving one or both ovaries with pelvic extension |
| T2a | IIa | Extension and/or metastases to the uterus and/or tubes |
| T2b | IIb | Extension to other pelvic tissues |
| T2c | IIc | Tumor either stage IIa or IIb, but with the tumor on surface of one or both ovaries, or with capsule(s) ruptured, or with ascites present containing malignant cells, or with positive peritoneal washings |
| T3 | III | Tumor involving one or both ovaries with histologically confirmed peritoneal implants outside the pelvis and/or positive regional lymph nodes. Superficial liver metastases equal stage III. The tumor is limited to the true pelvis, but with histologically proven malignant extension to small bowel or omentum |
| T3a | IIIa | Tumor grossly limited to the true pelvis, with negative nodes, but with histologically confirmed microscopic seeding of abdominal peritoneal surfaces, or histologic proven extension to small bowel or mesentery |
| T3b | IIIb | Tumor of one or both ovaries with histologically confirmed implants, peritoneal metastasis of abdominal peritoneal surfaces, none exceeding 2 cm in diameter; nodes are negative |
| T3c | IIIc | Peritoneal metastasis beyond the pelvis >2 cm in diameter and/or positive regional lymph nodes |
| AnyT | IV | Growth involving one or both ovaries with distant metastases. If pleural effusion is present, there must be positive cytology to allow a case to stage IV. Parenchymal liver metastasis equals stage IV |
| Possible genetic alteration in epithelial ovarian cancers | ||
| Tumor size | FIGO stage | Finding |
| T1 | I | Growth limited to the ovaries |
| T1a | Ia | Growth limited to one ovary; no ascites present containing malignant cells. No tumor on the external surface; capsule intact |
| T1b | Ib | Growth limited to both ovaries; no ascites present containing malignant cells. No tumor on the external surfaces; capsules intact |
| T1c | Ic | Tumor either stage Ia or Ib, but with the tumor on surface of one or both ovaries, or with capsule ruptured, or with ascites present containing malignant cells, or with positive peritoneal washings |
| T2 | II | Growth involving one or both ovaries with pelvic extension |
| T2a | IIa | Extension and/or metastases to the uterus and/or tubes |
| T2b | IIb | Extension to other pelvic tissues |
| T2c | IIc | Tumor either stage IIa or IIb, but with the tumor on surface of one or both ovaries, or with capsule(s) ruptured, or with ascites present containing malignant cells, or with positive peritoneal washings |
| T3 | III | Tumor involving one or both ovaries with histologically confirmed peritoneal implants outside the pelvis and/or positive regional lymph nodes. Superficial liver metastases equal stage III. The tumor is limited to the true pelvis, but with histologically proven malignant extension to small bowel or omentum |
| T3a | IIIa | Tumor grossly limited to the true pelvis, with negative nodes, but with histologically confirmed microscopic seeding of abdominal peritoneal surfaces, or histologic proven extension to small bowel or mesentery |
| T3b | IIIb | Tumor of one or both ovaries with histologically confirmed implants, peritoneal metastasis of abdominal peritoneal surfaces, none exceeding 2 cm in diameter; nodes are negative |
| T3c | IIIc | Peritoneal metastasis beyond the pelvis >2 cm in diameter and/or positive regional lymph nodes |
| AnyT | IV | Growth involving one or both ovaries with distant metastases. If pleural effusion is present, there must be positive cytology to allow a case to stage IV. Parenchymal liver metastasis equals stage IV. |