Seminoma risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sujit Routray, M.D. [2]
Overview
Common risk factors in testicular seminoma include undescended testis, caucasian race, previous tumor in the contralateral testis, and family history of testicular germ cell tumor.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors for testicular seminoma include:[1][2][3]
Common risk factors include:[4][5][6]
- Undescended testicle
- Family history of testicular cancer
- Personal history of testicular cancer
- Klinefelter syndrome
- Impaired spermatogenesis[7]
- Hypospadias
- Caucasian race
- Undescended testis
- 10-40x increased risk
- Around 10% of seminoma are associated with undescended testis
- Higher risk if intra-abdominal testis compared with intra-inguinal
- orchidopexy prior to puberty can reduce the tumor risk
- Increased risk in the contralateral normally descended testis
- Previous tumor in contralateral testis
- Family history of testicular germ cell tumor
- 4x increased risk if father affected
- 9x increased risk if brother affected
- Testicular microlithiasis
- 8x increased risk in symptomatic testicle with microlithiasis
- no increased risk found in asymptomatic testicles therefore screening is unlikely to be useful
- Testicular dysgenesis
- Testicular feminization
- Klinefelter syndrome
- Other risk factors
- Infections such as HIV, orchitis
- History of trauma
- Organ transplant immunosuppression
References
- ↑ Risk factors for testicular seminoma. Dr Marcin Czarniecki and Dr Andrew Dixon et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/testicular-seminoma-1. Accessed on February 25, 2016>
- ↑ Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumors. Dr Matt A. Morgan and Dr Andrew Dixon et al. Radiopaedia 2016. Accessed on February 25, 2016
- ↑ Causes of seminoma. US National Library of Medicine 2016. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001288.htm. Accessed on February 29, 2016
- ↑ Khan O, Protheroe A (October 2007). "Testis cancer". Postgrad Med J. 83 (984): 624–32. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992. PMC 2600126. PMID 17916870.
- ↑ McGlynn KA, Trabert B (April 2012). "Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer". Nat Rev Urol. 9 (6): 339–49. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.61. PMC 4031676. PMID 22508459.
- ↑ Boccellino M, Vanacore D, Zappavigna S, Cavaliere C, Rossetti S, D'Aniello C, Chieffi P, Amler E, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, Di Franco R, Izzo A, Piscitelli R, Iovane G, Muto P, Botti G, Perdonà S, Caraglia M, Facchini G (November 2017). "Testicular cancer from diagnosis to epigenetic factors". Oncotarget. 8 (61): 104654–104663. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.20992. PMC 5732834. PMID 29262668.
- ↑ Ghazarian AA, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, Rosenberg PS, McGlynn KA (June 2017). "Future of testicular germ cell tumor incidence in the United States: Forecast through 2026". Cancer. 123 (12): 2320–2328. doi:10.1002/cncr.30597. PMC 5629636. PMID 28241106.