Follicular thyroid cancer diagnostic study of choice

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ammu Susheela, M.D. [2]

Overview

Biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing thyroid cancer. According to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), there are 4 stages of follicular thyroid cancer based on the clinical features and findings on imaging. Each stage is assigned a letter and a number that designate the tumor size, number of lymph node regions involved, and metastasis.

Diagnostic Study of Choice

Study of Choice

Biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing thyroid cancer.^[1]
Biopsy can be taken by the following methods:
- === Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAC)===
  - It involves extraction of thyroid tissue using a thin needle.
  - The needle is inserted through the skin into the thyroid. Several tissue samples are taken from different parts of the thyroid.

- === Surgical Biopsy===
  - Surgical biopsy is the removal of the thyroid nodule or one lobe of the thyroid during surgery.
  - On microscopic examination, trabecular follicular tumor cells that invade tumor capsule or surrounding vascular structures, are found.

Images of Biopsy Specimen

Metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma^[2]
Metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma^[3]

Staging^[4]


Primary tumor
Tumor size	Sub-stage	Finding	Image
T0		No evidence of primary tumor
T1		Tumor ≤2 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid
T1	a	Tumor ≤1 cm, limited to the thyroid
T1	b	Tumor >1 cm but ≤2 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid
T2		Tumor >2 cm but ≤4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid
T3		Tumor >4 cm limited to the thyroid, or gross extrathyroidal extension invading only strap muscles
T3	a	Tumor >4 cm limited to the thyroid
T3	b	Gross extrathyroidal extension invading only strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, or omohyoid muscles) from a tumor of any size
T4		Tumor includes gross extrathyroidal extension beyond the strap muscles
T4	a	Tumor with gross extrathyroidal extension invading subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve from a tumor of any size
T4	b	Tumor with gross extrathyroidal extension invading prevertebral fascia or encasing the carotid artery or mediastinal vessels from a tumor of any size.
TX		Primary tumor cannot be assessed
Regional lymph node involvement
Node involvement	Sub-stage	Finding	Image
N0		No lymph node involvement
N0	a	One or more cytologically or histologically confirmed benign lymph nodes
N0	b	No radiologic or clinical evidence of locoregional lymph node metastasis
N1		Metastasis to regional nodes
N1	a	Metastasis to level VI or VII (pretracheal, paratracheal, or prelaryngeal/Delphian, or upper mediastinal) lymph nodes. This can be unilateral or bilateral disease
N1	b	Metastasis to unilateral, bilateral, or contralateral cervical neck lymph nodes (levels I, II, III, IV, or V) or retropharyngeal lymph nodes
NX		Regional lymph node cannot be assessed
Distant metastasis
Presence of metastasis	Sub-stage	Finding	Image
M0		No distant metastasis
M1	IV	Distant metastasis

**Anatomic Stage/Prognostic Groups**
Stage	T	N	M
Follicular thyroid carcinoma
YOUNGER THAN 55 YEARS
I	Any T	Any N	M0
II	Any T	Any N	M1
55 YEARS AND OLDER
I	T1	Any N	M0
II	T1	N1	M0
	T2	N1	M0
	T3a	Any N	M0
	T3b	Any N	M0
III	T4a	Any N	M0
IVA	T4b	Any N	M0
IVB	Any T	Any N	M1
	T1	N1	M0
	T2	N1	M0
	T3a	N1	M0
	T3b	Any N	M0
	T4	Any N	M0
IVC	Any T	Any N	M1

Reference

↑ https://www.cancer.org/cancer/thyroid-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/File:Metastatic_follicular_thyroid_carcinoma_-_Case_264_(8558730243).jpg Accessed on October, 29 2015
↑ http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/File:Metastatic_follicular_thyroid_carcinoma_-_Case_264_(8559837390).jpg Accessed on October, 29 2015
↑ "Thyroid Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version - National Cancer Institute".

[1] ttps://www.cancer.org/cancer/thyroid-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)

[2] ttp://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/File:Metastatic_follicular_thyroid_carcinoma_-_Case_264_(8558730243).jpg Accessed on October, 29 2015

[3] ttp://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/File:Metastatic_follicular_thyroid_carcinoma_-_Case_264_(8559837390).jpg Accessed on October, 29 2015

[urlThyroid_Cancer_Treatment_(Adult)_(PDQ®)–Health_Professional_Version_-_National_Cancer_Institute-4] "Thyroid Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version - National Cancer Institute".

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