Paget-Schroetter disease pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
It is thought that Paget-Schroetter disease is a form of Axillary-Subclavian vein thrombosis resulted from compression of aforementioned veins. This condition is more common in athletes and/or manual labors. Some studies link Paget-Schroetter disease with anatomical defects involving the thoracic outlet.
Pathophysiology
Physiology
The Subclavian vein passes through a space surrounded by the first rib, the Scalenus anterior muscle and the Subclavius muscle and tendon.[1]
Pathogenesis
It is though that Paget-Schroetter disease (also known as Effort Thrombosis) is the result of Axillary-Subclavian vein compression and subsequent thrombosis, and is more common in athletes and/or manual labors.[2] Around 60-80% of cases with Paget-Schroetter disease have a history of repetitious activity of upper extremity.[3] Sports related to higher chance of developing this condition are baseball, softball, wrestling, playing ball, gymnastic, swimming, hockey, martial arts, backpacking and billiards which require repetitive and constant upper extremity activities. [4] Even with normal anatomical structure the Subclavian vein can be compressed through hyper-abduction (more prominent in arm abducted over 90 degrees), extension and/or external rotation.[5]"A comprehensive review of Paget-Schroetter syndrome - ScienceDirect". In addition to compression, these activities can put tension on the Subclavian vein which lead to micro-trauma of the endothelium and initiate the coagulation cascade.[6] More compression can be seen with hypertrophied Scalenus Anterior or Subclavius muscle. Increased bulk of muscles like Pectoralis minor and Subscapularis muscles and presence of Osseous Exostoses or fibrous bands, as well as congenital or post-trauma bone deformities can cause further compression.[7] Restricted space around the Subclavian vein lead to blood flow stasis and immobilize the Subclavian vein. The Subclavian vein becomes more prone to endothelial trauma from arm movements when it's mobility has been limited.[8] Endothelial trauma followed by thrombosis and recanalization will result in intimal hyperplasia and inflammation, which can be more complicated by venous webs, extensive collateral formation and perivenular fibrosis.[9] There is no clear connection between Effort Thrombosis and hereditary or acquired thrombophilias, however coexisting Thrombophilia can rise the rate of postoperative complications after corrective surgery. [10]
Associated Conditions
Conditions associated with [disease name] include:
- [Condition 1]
- [Condition 2]
- [Condition 3]
Gross Pathology
On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
Microscopic Pathology
On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
References
- ↑ Mall NA, Van Thiel GS, Heard WM, Paletta GA, Bush-Joseph C, Bach BR (2013). "Paget-schroetter syndrome: a review of effort thrombosis of the upper extremity from a sports medicine perspective". Sports Health. 5 (4): 353–6. doi:10.1177/1941738112470911. PMC 3899898. PMID 24459553.
- ↑ Alla VM, Natarajan N, Kaushik M, Warrier R, Nair CK (2010). "Paget-schroetter syndrome: review of pathogenesis and treatment of effort thrombosis". West J Emerg Med. 11 (4): 358–62. PMC 2967689. PMID 21079709.
- ↑ Rowan TL, Kazemi M (2012). "Paget Schroetter Syndrome: A case study of the chiropractor's role in recognizing and comanaging an important condition". J Can Chiropr Assoc. 56 (4): 256–61. PMC 3501911. PMID 23204568.
- ↑ Mall NA, Van Thiel GS, Heard WM, Paletta GA, Bush-Joseph C, Bach BR (2013). "Paget-schroetter syndrome: a review of effort thrombosis of the upper extremity from a sports medicine perspective". Sports Health. 5 (4): 353–6. doi:10.1177/1941738112470911. PMC 3899898. PMID 24459553.
- ↑ Alla VM, Natarajan N, Kaushik M, Warrier R, Nair CK (2010). "Paget-schroetter syndrome: review of pathogenesis and treatment of effort thrombosis". West J Emerg Med. 11 (4): 358–62. PMC 2967689. PMID 21079709.
- ↑ Alla VM, Natarajan N, Kaushik M, Warrier R, Nair CK (2010). "Paget-schroetter syndrome: review of pathogenesis and treatment of effort thrombosis". West J Emerg Med. 11 (4): 358–62. PMC 2967689. PMID 21079709.
- ↑ Mall NA, Van Thiel GS, Heard WM, Paletta GA, Bush-Joseph C, Bach BR (2013). "Paget-schroetter syndrome: a review of effort thrombosis of the upper extremity from a sports medicine perspective". Sports Health. 5 (4): 353–6. doi:10.1177/1941738112470911. PMC 3899898. PMID 24459553.
- ↑ Alla VM, Natarajan N, Kaushik M, Warrier R, Nair CK (2010). "Paget-schroetter syndrome: review of pathogenesis and treatment of effort thrombosis". West J Emerg Med. 11 (4): 358–62. PMC 2967689. PMID 21079709.
- ↑ Alla VM, Natarajan N, Kaushik M, Warrier R, Nair CK (2010). "Paget-schroetter syndrome: review of pathogenesis and treatment of effort thrombosis". West J Emerg Med. 11 (4): 358–62. PMC 2967689. PMID 21079709.
- ↑ Alla VM, Natarajan N, Kaushik M, Warrier R, Nair CK (2010). "Paget-schroetter syndrome: review of pathogenesis and treatment of effort thrombosis". West J Emerg Med. 11 (4): 358–62. PMC 2967689. PMID 21079709.