Nephrologic Disorders and COVID-19
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sogand Goudarzi, MD [2]
Overview
Pathophysiology of the Complications in the Nephrologic Disorders
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is a primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells, mostly presents in kidneys as well as lungs and heart.[1]
- Despite kidney injury following COVID-19 infection is less frequent than severe lung injury, ACE2: ACE ratio is higher in the kidneys compared to the respiratory system. (1:1 in the kidneys VS 1:20 in the respiratory system)[1]
Causes
Epidemiology and Demographics
- Early reports from china revealed that COVID-19 rarely involves the kidneys, as Acute Renal Failure was not seen among COVID-19 hospitalized patients and mild BUN or creatinine rise [10.8%] and mild proteinuria [7.2%] occurred. [2]
- However, recent study found 75.4% of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia developed hematuria, proteinuria, and AKI. [3] But, these findings are not significantly different from other critical diseases.
Risk Factors
- Severe COVID-19 pneumonia and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome are associated with developing AKI.[3]
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
- Approximately half of the new AKI following COVID-19 is mild with good short-term prognosis.
- If no improvement occurs during follow-up, it is contributed to higher mortality.[3]
Diagnosis
- Patients in the early stages of kidney failure may be asymptomatic. If left untreated, patients may progress to develop Azotemia and Uremia, which occur due to the buildup of waste materials in the blood.
History and Symptoms
- Symptoms of kidney injury include[4]:
- Nausea and Vomiting
- Weakness
- Fatigue
- Confusion
- Weight loss
- Loss of appetite
- Oliguria or Anuria
- Fluid retention, leading edema and swelling of face, extremities
- Electrolyte imbalance; High level of Potassium which leads to cardiac arrhythmia
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
Ultrasound Finding
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
AKI Medical Therapy
AKI Prevention
Complications in the Nephrologic Disorders
Classification
Complication2
Complication3
Complication4
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Malha, Line; Mueller, Franco B.; Pecker, Mark S.; Mann, Samuel J.; August, Phyllis; Feig, Peter U. (2020). "COVID-19 and the Renin-Angiotensin System". Kidney International Reports. 5 (5): 563–565. doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2020.03.024. ISSN 2468-0249.
- ↑ Wang, Luwen; Li, Xun; Chen, Hui; Yan, Shaonan; Li, Dong; Li, Yan; Gong, Zuojiong (2020). "Coronavirus Disease 19 Infection Does Not Result in Acute Kidney Injury: An Analysis of 116 Hospitalized Patients from Wuhan, China". American Journal of Nephrology. 51 (5): 343–348. doi:10.1159/000507471. ISSN 0250-8095.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Pei, Guangchang; Zhang, Zhiguo; Peng, Jing; Liu, Liu; Zhang, Chunxiu; Yu, Chong; Ma, Zufu; Huang, Yi; Liu, Wei; Yao, Ying; Zeng, Rui; Xu, Gang (2020). "Renal Involvement and Early Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 31 (6): 1157–1165. doi:10.1681/ASN.2020030276. ISSN 1046-6673.
- ↑ Skorecki K, Green J, Brenner BM (2005). "Chronic renal failure". In Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (16th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 1653–63. ISBN 978-0-07-139140-5.