COVID-19-associated thrombocytopenia
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Synonyms and keywords:
Overview
There is an association between severe COVID-19 infection and thrombocytopenia.[1]
Historical Perspective
[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].
The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.
In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
Classification
There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].
OR
[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].
OR
[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
[Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
OR
Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
OR
If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:
According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
OR
The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
OR
There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].
Pathophysiology
The pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 infection is due to several factors:[2]
- Decrease in primary platelet production due to infection of bone marrow cells by coronaviruses[3] and inhibition of bone marrow growth,[4] which lead to abnormal hematopoietic function.[2]
- Decrease in circulating platelet due to lung injury which causes megakaryocyte fragmentation and decreases platelet production, because lung is a reservoir for megakaryocyte and hematopoieitic progenitor cells and has a role in platelet production.[2][6]
- In addition, decrease in platelets may be due to activation of platelets that result in platelet aggregation and formation of micro-thrombus which increase platelet consumption.[2][7]
Causes
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
OR
Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
OR
The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
OR
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.
Differentiating ((Page name)) from other Diseases
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
OR
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
Epidemiology and Demographics
- Thrombocytopenia is seen in 36% of patients with COVID-19 infection.[8]
- Thrombocytopenia is seen in 57.7% of patients with severe COVID-19 infection compared to 31.6 % of patients with non-severe infection.[8]
Risk Factors
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
OR
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
OR
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
OR
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
Screening
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].
OR
According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.
OR
According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
- Thrombocytopenia is associated with an increased risk for severe COVID-19 infection (threefold).[1]
- A study has suggested that thrombocytopenia upon admission for COVID-19 infection is independently and strongly associated with poor outcome and mortality.[9]
- Complications of thrombocytopenia in patients with severe COVID-19 infection include:
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
- The diagnostic study of choice for thrombocytopenia is compelete blood count (CBC).
- Thrombocytopenia is defined by platelet count <150 x <math>10^9</math>/L on CBC.[9]
History and Symptoms
The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
OR
The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
Physical Examination
The physical examination in patients with thrombocytopenia should include checking for:[10]
- Bleeding[11] (epistaxis, , bloody sputum, gingival bleeding, menorrhagia, heavy bleeding after invasive procedures or childbirth)[12]
- Unexplained bruising (petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis)
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- Stool for occult blood (evaluation of gastrointestinal and rectal bleeding)
- Retinal hemorrhage on fundoscopic exam (evaluation of central nervous system bleeding)[13]
- Alterations in mental status
- Abdominal tenderness and distention
- Soft tissue or joint bleedingis associated with other coagulation disorders such as DIC.[11]
Laboratory Findings
- Compelete blood count (CBC): Thrombocytopenia is defined by platelet count <150 x <math>10^9</math>/L on CBC.[9]
Electrocardiogram
There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
X-ray
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].
OR
Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
CT scan
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
MRI
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Other Imaging Findings
There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Other Diagnostic Studies
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
OR
[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Treatment
Medical Therapy
There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
OR
Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].
OR
The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.
OR
[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.
OR
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].
OR The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.
OR
[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].
OR
Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
OR
Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
OR
Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].
OR
Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].
Surgery
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].
OR
Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]
OR
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].
OR
The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.
OR
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].
Primary Prevention
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].
OR
There are no available vaccines against [disease name].
OR
Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
OR
[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
Secondary Prevention
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].
OR
Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lippi G, Plebani M, Henry BM (2020). "Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: A meta-analysis". Clin Chim Acta. 506: 145–148. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.022. PMC 7102663 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32178975 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Xu P, Zhou Q, Xu J (2020). "Mechanism of thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 patients". Ann Hematol. 99 (6): 1205–1208. doi:10.1007/s00277-020-04019-0. PMC 7156897 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32296910 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Yang M, Ng MH, Li CK (2005). "Thrombocytopenia in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (review)". Hematology. 10 (2): 101–5. doi:10.1080/10245330400026170. PMID 16019455.
- ↑ Yeager CL, Ashmun RA, Williams RK, Cardellichio CB, Shapiro LH, Look AT; et al. (1992). "Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E". Nature. 357 (6377): 420–2. doi:10.1038/357420a0. PMC 7095410 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 1350662. - ↑ Nardi M, Tomlinson S, Greco MA, Karpatkin S (2001). "Complement-independent, peroxide-induced antibody lysis of platelets in HIV-1-related immune thrombocytopenia". Cell. 106 (5): 551–61. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00477-9. PMID 11551503.
- ↑ Lefrançais E, Ortiz-Muñoz G, Caudrillier A, Mallavia B, Liu F, Sayah DM; et al. (2017). "The lung is a site of platelet biogenesis and a reservoir for haematopoietic progenitors". Nature. 544 (7648): 105–109. doi:10.1038/nature21706. PMC 5663284. PMID 28329764.
- ↑ Liu X, Zhang R, He G (2020). "Hematological findings in coronavirus disease 2019: indications of progression of disease". Ann Hematol. doi:10.1007/s00277-020-04103-5. PMC 7266734 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32495027 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 8.0 8.1 Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX; et al. (2020). "Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China". N Engl J Med. 382 (18): 1708–1720. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. PMC 7092819 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32109013 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Maquet J, Lafaurie M, Sommet A, Moulis G, Covid-Clinic-Toul investigators group. Alvarez M; et al. (2020). "Thrombocytopenia is independently associated with poor outcome in patients hospitalized for COVID-19". Br J Haematol. doi:10.1111/bjh.16950. PMID 32557535 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Greenberg EM (2017). "Thrombocytopenia: A Destruction of Platelets". J Infus Nurs. 40 (1): 41–50. doi:10.1097/NAN.0000000000000204. PMID 28030481.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Stasi R (2012). "How to approach thrombocytopenia". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2012: 191–7. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2012.1.191. PMID 23233580.
- ↑ Ghoshal K, Bhattacharyya M (2014). "Overview of platelet physiology: its hemostatic and nonhemostatic role in disease pathogenesis". ScientificWorldJournal. 2014: 781857. doi:10.1155/2014/781857. PMC 3960550. PMID 24729754.
- ↑ Sekhon SS, Roy V (2006). "Thrombocytopenia in adults: A practical approach to evaluation and management". South Med J. 99 (5): 491–8, quiz 499-500, 533. doi:10.1097/01.smj.0000209275.75045.d4. PMID 16711312.