COVID-19 and HIV co-infection
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Harmeet Kharoud M.D.[2]
Synonyms and keywords:
Overview
- An observational prospective study found out that the incidence of HIV-infected individuals to be affected by SARS-CoV-2 was similar to the general population.
- Specific antiretroviral therapy did not affect COVID-19 severity.
- Immunosuppression(low CD4 cell counts) was associated with COVID-19 severity.
- Patients with HIV infection often have other comorbidities(lung disease, cardiovascular disease) therefore, increasing the risk for severe-COVID-19 disease.
- Patients with HIV infection with CD4 cell count<200/mm3 are at increased risk for complications from other respiratory infections. However, we do not know if this is the scenario with COVID-19
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk
- At present people with HIV who are at greatest risk of Severe COVID-19 infection are people -
- who have low CD4 cell count.
- not on antiretroviral therapy.
Specific Populations with HIV
Pregnancy
- Pregnant individuals with HIV are at greater risk for severe illness, morbidity, or mortality as compared with the general population due to coronavirus infections(SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) and other viral respiratory infections like influenza. [1]Data related to COVID-19 is limited but pregnant individuals with HIV are suspected to be at greater risk due to SARS-COV-2 similarity with other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS).[2][3]
- They are suspected to be at increased risk of preterm delivery, adverse neonatal outcomes.[2] In a small series of pregnant women with COVID-19 adverse outcomes such as fetal distress and preterm delivery have been noted. They have also been reported with SARS-CoV and MERS.[4][5][6]
- Vertical Transmission of COVID-19 has not been found.[7][8][9][10]
Older Adults
Diagnosis
- The diagnosis of COVID-19 in HIV patients remains the same as compared to the general population. rRT-PCR is the standard diagnostic of choice used to confirm cases[1][3].
- The challenge of diagnosing COVID-19 in HIV patients is to clinically distinguish it from common mimickers such as Influenza, Parainfluenza, and other common respiratory illnesses. Currently, history of exposure and epidemiological risk factors are the two biggest historical cues, aside from respiratory symptoms, that can guide clinician into considering COVID-19 in the differential diagnosis.
Presentation
- There hasn't been any observable difference in clinical presentation among people with HIV infection as compared to the general population.
- Common symptoms for COVID-19 are
- Fever or chills
- Cough[11]
- Shortness of Breath or difficulty breathing
- Fatigue
- Muscle or Body aches
- Headache
- New loss of taste or smell
- Sore Throat
- Congestion or runny nose
- Nausea or vomiting
- Diarrhea
Recommendations for Patients with HIV
- Maintain the supply for antiretroviral therapy for a minimum of 30 days and ideal supply for 90 days.[3]
- Virtual visit and telemedicine should be considered for non-urgent care and non-adherence counseling[3]
- People with suppressed HIV viral load and in stable health, should postpone their routine medical care and laboratory visits to the extent possible.[3]
- If they develop symptoms of COVID-19 like fever, cough, shortness of breath, etc they should seek medical advice.[3]
- They should make sure their vaccination status is updated. [3]
Medical Therapy
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Interim Guidance for COVID-19 and Persons with HIV".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Dotters-Katz S, Hughes BL. Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: What Maternal-Fetal Medicine Subspecialists Need to Know. 2020" (PDF).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "Interim Guidance for COVID-19 and Persons with HIV".
- ↑ Siston, Alicia M. (2010). "Pandemic 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Illness Among Pregnant Women in the United States". JAMA. 303 (15): 1517. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.479. ISSN 0098-7484.
- ↑ Alfaraj, Sarah H.; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Memish, Ziad A. (2019). "Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: Report of two cases & review of the literature". Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 52 (3): 501–503. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2018.04.005. ISSN 1684-1182.
- ↑ Wong, Shell F; Chow, Kam M; Leung, Tse N; Ng, Wai F; Ng, Tak K; Shek, Chi C; Ng, Pak C; Lam, Pansy W.Y; Ho, Lau C; To, William W.K; Lai, Sik T; Yan, Wing W; Tan, Peggy Y.H (2004). "Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with severe acute respiratory syndrome". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 191 (1): 292–297. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2003.11.019. ISSN 0002-9378.
- ↑ "Interim Guidance for COVID-19 and Persons with HIV".
- ↑ Chen, Huijun; Guo, Juanjuan; Wang, Chen; Luo, Fan; Yu, Xuechen; Zhang, Wei; Li, Jiafu; Zhao, Dongchi; Xu, Dan; Gong, Qing; Liao, Jing; Yang, Huixia; Hou, Wei; Zhang, Yuanzhen (2020). "Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records". The Lancet. 395 (10226): 809–815. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3. ISSN 0140-6736.
- ↑ Wang, Dawei; Hu, Bo; Hu, Chang; Zhu, Fangfang; Liu, Xing; Zhang, Jing; Wang, Binbin; Xiang, Hui; Cheng, Zhenshun; Xiong, Yong; Zhao, Yan; Li, Yirong; Wang, Xinghuan; Peng, Zhiyong (2020). "Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China". JAMA. 323 (11): 1061. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585. ISSN 0098-7484.
- ↑ Feng, Ling; Zhang, Jingyi; Cao, Yong; Liu, Weiyong; Chen, Ling; Guo, Lili; Wang, Shaoshuai (2020). "A Case Report of Neonatal 2019 Coronavirus Disease in China". Clinical Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa225. ISSN 1058-4838.
- ↑ {{cite web |url://www.chkd.org/uploadedFiles/Documents/COVID-19/CHKD%20MIS-C%20Guideline%20D2.pdf >