Pulmonic regurgitation risk factors
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Pulmonic regurgitation Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2], Javaria Anwer M.D.[3]
Overview
Most potent risk factors for the development of pulmonic regurgitation may include pulmonary hypertension, surgical repair of teratology of Fallot, and congenital heart diseases. Less common but important risk factors include endocarditis, left sided heart disease, previous Ross procedure, collagen vascular disease, and malignancies involving the main pulmonary artery.
Risk factors
Common risk factors
- The most potent risk factors for the development of pulmonic regurgitation (PR) include[1][2][3][4][5]:
- Pulmonary hypertension (most common risk factor)
- Surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot (most common risk factor), pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia
- Congenital heart diseases (such as Eisenmenger's syndrome)
Less common risk factors
- Less common but important risk factors for the development of pulmonic regurgitation (PR) include[4][6][7][8][9][10]:
- Previous Ross procedure
- Endocarditis (more common among IV drug users)
- Left-sided heart disease
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD): Although an established risk factor for other valvular regurgitation, CKD is strongly associated with PAH)
- Collagen vascular disease/ Myxomatous degeneration of the pulmonary valve
- Malignancies that involve main pulmonary artery
- Rheumatic fever (more common among developing countries)
- Chest trauma (cause of acute severe PR)
- Tertiary syphilis
- Marfan's syndrome
References
- ↑ Harrild DM, Powell AJ, Tran TX, Trang TX, Geva T, Lock JE; et al. (2010). "Long-term pulmonary regurgitation following balloon valvuloplasty for pulmonary stenosis risk factors and relationship to exercise capacity and ventricular volume and function". J Am Coll Cardiol. 55 (10): 1041–7. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.016. PMC 4235281. PMID 20202522.
- ↑ Ammash NM, Dearani JA, Burkhart HM, Connolly HM (2007). "Pulmonary regurgitation after tetralogy of Fallot repair: clinical features, sequelae, and timing of pulmonary valve replacement". Congenit Heart Dis. 2 (6): 386–403. doi:10.1111/j.1747-0803.2007.00131.x. PMID 18377431.
- ↑ Chaturvedi RR, Redington AN (2007). "Pulmonary regurgitation in congenital heart disease". Heart. 93 (7): 880–9. doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.075234. PMC 1994453. PMID 17569817.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Rebergen SA, Chin JG, Ottenkamp J, van der Wall EE, de Roos A (1993). "Pulmonary regurgitation in the late postoperative follow-up of tetralogy of Fallot. Volumetric quantitation by nuclear magnetic resonance velocity mapping". Circulation. 88 (5 Pt 1): 2257–66. PMID 8222120.
- ↑ Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA; et al. (2008). "ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: Executive Summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease)". Circulation. 118 (23): 2395–451. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190811. PMID 18997168.
- ↑ Weisse AB, Heller DR, Schimenti RJ, Montgomery RL, Kapila R (March 1993). "The febrile parenteral drug user: a prospective study in 121 patients". Am. J. Med. 94 (3): 274–80. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(93)90059-x. PMID 8452151.
- ↑ Hecht SR, Berger M (October 1992). "Right-sided endocarditis in intravenous drug users. Prognostic features in 102 episodes". Ann. Intern. Med. 117 (7): 560–6. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-117-7-560. PMID 1524330.
- ↑ Moss R, Munt B (May 2003). "Injection drug use and right sided endocarditis". Heart. 89 (5): 577–81. doi:10.1136/heart.89.5.577. PMC 1767660. PMID 12695478.
- ↑ Marwick, Thomas H.; Amann, Kerstin; Bangalore, Sripal; Cavalcante, João L.; Charytan, David M.; Craig, Jonathan C.; Gill, John S.; Hlatky, Mark A.; Jardine, Alan G.; Landmesser, Ulf; Newby, L. Kristin; Herzog, Charles A.; Cheung, Michael; Wheeler, David C.; Winkelmayer, Wolfgang C.; Sarnak, Mark J.; Banerjee, Debasish; Briguori, Carlo; Chang, Tara I.; Chen, Chien-Liang; deFilippi, Christopher R.; Ding, Xiaoqiang; Ferro, Charles J.; Gill, Jagbir; Gössl, Mario; Isbel, Nicole M.; Ishii, Hideki; Jardine, Meg J.; Kalra, Philip A.; Laufer, Günther; Lentine, Krista L.; Lobdell, Kevin W.; Lok, Charmaine E.; London, Gérard M.; Małyszko, Jolanta; Mark, Patrick B.; Marwan, Mohamed; Nie, Yuxin; Parfrey, Patrick S.; Pecoits-Filho, Roberto; Pilmore, Helen; Qunibi, Wajeh Y.; Raggi, Paolo; Rattazzi, Marcello; Rossignol, Patrick; Ruturi, Josiah; Sabanayagam, Charumathi; Shanahan, Catherine M.; Shroff, Gautam R.; Shroff, Rukshana; Webster, Angela C.; Weiner, Daniel E.; Winther, Simon; Wiseman, Alexander C.; Yip, Anthony; Zarbock, Alexander (2019). "Chronic kidney disease and valvular heart disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference". Kidney International. 96 (4): 836–849. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2019.06.025. ISSN 0085-2538.
- ↑ Thenappan T (2017). "Pulmonary hypertension in chronic kidney disease: a hemodynamic characterization". Pulm Circ. 7 (3): 567–568. doi:10.1177/2045893217728462. PMC 5841909. PMID 28895505.