Dysuria resident survival guide

Dysuria Resident Survival Guide
Overview
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment
Do's
Don'ts

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Iqra Qamar M.D.[2] Rinky Agnes Botleroo, M.B.B.S.

Overview

Dysuria is typically described to be a burning, tingling, or stinging sensation of the urethra and meatus associated with voiding.Dysuria refers to painful urination. It is most often a result of an infection of the urinary tract.Noninfectious inflammatory causes include a foreign body in the urinary tract and dermatologic conditions such as Herpes,Irritant dermatitis,Erosive, Lichen planus,Contact Dermatitis.It may also be due to an STD, bladder stones, bladder tumors and any condition of the prostate. It can also occur as a side effect of medications. It is one of a constellation of irritative bladder symptoms, which includes frequency of urination and haematuria.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes of dysuria include

• Stevens–Johnson syndrome
• Toxic epidermal necrolysis

These conditions may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated

Common Causes

• Acute Cystitis
• Urethritis from sexually transmitted infections
  • Gonorrhea
  • Chlamydia
  • Trichomoniasis
• Female genital structure related
  • Vulvo-Vaginitis
    • Trichomoniasis
    • Bacterial vaginosis
    • Candidal infections
    • Atrophic vaginitis
  • Cervicitis
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Male genital Structure related
  • Balanitis
  • Prostatitis
  • Epididymo-orchitis
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Foreign Body in urinary tract
  • Indwelling Foley catheter
  • Stone
  • Urethral or ureteral stent
• Pyelonephritis
• Urethral Stricture
• Dermatological
  • Herpes
  • Irritant dermatitis
  • Erosive lichen planus
  • Contact Dermatitis
• Local trauma
• Medication use
  • Cyclophosphamide
• Neoplasia
  • Bladder Carcinoma
  • Renal Cell Carcinoma

Diagnosis

• Shown below is two algorithms summarizing the diagnosis of Dysuria

• Algorithm showing diagnosis of dysuria in woman

Woman with dysuria

Take complete history

Presence of: ❑ Comcomitant fever ❑ flank pain ❑ abnormal vital signs(Tachycardia,Tachypnea,Hypotension) ❑ Nausea ❑ Vomiting

Yes

No

Refer the patient to ER

Urine Dipstick for Nitrites and Leukocytes

Nitrite Postitive

Leukocytes positive,Nitrite negative

Both Nitrite and Leukocyte negative

Urine culture

Empirical Antibiotic Therapy

Urine Culture

Positive

Negative

Treat with Specific Antibiotic

Postive

Negative

Presence of any Urethral discharge/Itching

Acid urine pH/history of Tuberculosis

Treat with Specific antibiotic

Do Swab test

Urine speicific test for Tuberculosis

Think of any other non-infectious urogenital disease or vulvo-vaginal disease

Refer the patient to urologist/gynaecologist

Urethritis(Chlamydia trachomatis,Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Herpes simplex virus)

If the female patient presents with slow urine stream without any pain or burning sensation,then the algorithm below can be used to treat the patient

Female patient with only voiding symptoms

Take complete history Ask about voidal habits: Urinary frequency, interval between two cnsecutive micturation

Physical examination Suprapubic palpation and Vaginal examination

Urine culture Kidney and Bladder Ultrasound study (KUB USS)

Increased Detrusor wall thickness

Bladder diverticula

Increased Post void residual(>100

Hydronephrosis)

Refer to urologist

Algorithm showing diagnosis of dysuria in Male patients

Male patient with dysuria

Take complete history

Presence of urethral discharge

Yes

No

Ask about the discharge

Presence Of Genital Lesion

YES

NO

Profuse,purulent discharge Yellowish green colour

Thin,mucoid/mucopurulent discharge

Swab test

Swab test

Gram negative Diplococci

NAAT/PCR test

Gonorrhoea

Chlamydia

Inflammation of the glans penis

Ulcer

Painful Vesicles

Balanitis

Herpes

Firm, painless, non-itchy skin ulceration with multiple sores OR A diffuse rash involving the palms of the hands and soles of the feet OR Presence of gummas

Painless genital ulcer,anorectal pain, tenesmus, and rectal discharge,inguinal lymphadenopathy

Syphilis

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)

Presence of any Localized Pain

Yes

No

Suprapubic pain

Flank pain Costovertebral angle tenderness Fever

Joint pain

Urine Analysis

USG

X-ray,ESR/CRP,HLA-B27

Cystitis

Pyelonephritis

Spondyloarthropathy

Treatment

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of Dysuria in female patients

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Symptoms of lower urinary tract

Non recurrent

Recurrent ( Atleast 3 episodes of uncomplicated UTI in 12 months, with atleast one positive by urine culture

Uncomplicated Without any risk factors

Complicated :Presence of any of the following risk factors: ❑ Presence of indwelling catheter ❑ Vesicoureteric reflux ❑ Increased post void residual urine ❑ Increased post void residual urine ❑ Presence of diseases: Renal insufficiency, Diabetes mellitus, Immunodeficiency Presence of diseases: Renal insufficiency, Diabetes mellitus, Immunodeficiency ❑ Obstructive Uropathy

Modify Lifestyle to intervene modifiable riskfactors and take prophylaxis

Treatment with short term antibiotic therapy First line includes ❑3g oral dose of Fosfomycin trometamol or ❑Pivmecillinam 400 mg twice a day for 3 days or ❑Nitrofurantoin 100mg twice a day for 5-7days or In case of <20% resistance rates for E.coli ❑Cotrimoxazole 160/800 mg twice a day for 3 days or ❑Trimethoprim 200 mg twice a day for 5 days

❑Specific antibiotic depending on urine culture ❑Long Empeirical long term antibiotic(Fluoroquinolones,Third generation Cephalosporins,Aminoglycosides) for 10-14 days

Measurements to prevent recurrent UTI ❑Low dose Antimicrobial prophylaxis continuously or after sexual intercourse ❑Interventions on modifiable risk factors: 1.Avoid using spermicide 2.Maintain blood glucose level 3.Improving the treatment of urinary incontinence 4.Unspecific prophylaxis with cranberry extracts 5.Local hormonal therapy in case of post menopausal women

Repeat urine culture in nonresponsive cases and pregnant women

Repeat urine culture after treatment,KUB ultrasound with PVR measurement

Refer the patient to urologist

If all of the above fails

Refer to urologist

Do's

• • Patient should always stay hydrated
  • Patient should urinate after sexual intercourse
  • Patient should always wipe front to back
  • Patient should wear cotton/comfortable underwear
  • Patient should use menstrual cups, sanitary pads, or clean period-proof underwear
  • Maintain personal hygiene

Don'ts

• Patient should avoid delays in urinating
• Patient should try to decrease the inatke of
  • Caffeinated sodas
  • Alcohol
  • Spicy foods
  • Acidic fruits

References

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