| | | | | | UPOINT domains
Complications in Central Nervous System- Cerebrovascular Accident
- Hemorrhagic
- Ischaemic
- Acute Encephalitis
- Viral Meningitis
- Epileptic Seizures
- Encephalopathy
- Headache
Complications in Peripheral Nervous system- Guillain-Barre syndrome
- Anosmia
- Acute Myelitis
- Miller Fischer Sydrome
- Polyneuritis Cranialis
Ego defensesImmature Defenses- Acting Out
- Expressing unacceptable feelings and thoughts through actions
- Denial
- Avoiding the awreness of painful reality
- Displacemnet
- Transferring avoided ideas to neutral persons
- Idealization
- Expressing extreme positive thoughts of self and others while ignoring negative thoughts
- Identification
- Modeling behaviour after one person who is more powerful.
- These ego defenses are unconsious or conscious
DEFENSES
DEFENSES
Defenses
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Mature Defenses- Sublimitaion
- Replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with one's value system.
- Altruism
- alleviating negative feelings via unsolicited generosity.
- Suppression
- Intentionally withholding an idea or feeling.
16,Saturday,11,2024
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Table
| Phenotype Domains | Clinical presentation |
|---|
| Urinary | Lower urinary tract symptoms that creates discomfort or High post-micturation residual volume |
| Psychological | Patient with depression or severe anxiety thinking the worst will happen to them |
| Organ-specific | Tend\erness in Prostate,Presence of blood in ejaculation,Leukocytes in prostatic fluid or post-massage urine |
| Infectious | Infection with gram negative bacilli or Enterococii localized to prostate or presence of Ureaplasma in urine |
| Systemic | Pain anywhere else in the body except abdomen or pelvis or having a diagnosis of fibromyalgia,chronic fatigue or irritable bowel syndrome |
| Tenderness | Presence of palpable musvle spams in abodomen or pelvic floor |
| | | |
| | | |
|
|
Increased behaviour
|
Decreased behaviour
|
| Add stimulus
|
(+)ve reinformation
|
(+)ve punishment
|
| Remove stimulus
|
(-)ve reinformation
|
(-)ve punishment
|
Tumor nomenclature
Carcinoma implies epithelial origin,whereas sarcoma denotes mesenchymal origin. Both terms imply malignancy.
terms for non-neoplastic malformations include hamartoma(disorganized overgrowth of tissues in their native location, eg, Peutz- Jeghes polyps) and choriostoma9 normal tissue in foreign location, eg, gastric tissue located in distal ileum in Meckel Diverticulum).
- Benign tumor may show well demarcation, well diffreentiation, low mitotic activity, no necrosis, no metastasis.
- Malignant tumor shows poor demarcation, poor mitotic activity, erratic growth, local invasion, metastasis, reduced apoptosis. Upregulation of telomerase prevents chromosome shortening and cell death.
| CELL TYPE
|
Benign
|
Malignant
|
| Epithelium
|
Adenoma,papilloma
|
Adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma
|
| Messenchmye
|
|
|
| Blood cells
|
|
lekaemia,Lymphoma
|
| Blood vessels
|
Hemangioma
|
Angiosarcoma
|
| Smooth muscle
|
Leiomyoma
|
Leiomyosarcoma
|
| Striated muscle
|
Rhabdomyoma
|
Rhabdomyosarcoma
|
| Connective tissue
|
Fibroma
|
Fibrosarcoma
|
| Bone
|
Osteoma
|
Osteosarcoma
|
| Fat
|
Lipoma
|
Liposarcoma
|
| Melanocyte
|
Nevus/Mole
|
Melanoma
|
here is how we use reference
| TYPE
|
DEFINITION
|
EXAMPLES
|
STRATEGY TO REDUCE BIAS
|
| Selection Bias
|
Error in assigning subjects to a study group resulting in an unreprestative sample.Most commomnly a sampling bias
|
- Berkson Bias
- study population selected from hospital is less healthy than general population
- Healthy worker effect
- study population is healthier than the general population
- Non-response bias
- participating subjects differ from nonrespondents in meaningful ways.
|
randomization
|
| Recall Bias
|
Awareness of disorder alters recall by subjects; common in retrospective studies
|
patients with disease recall exposure after learning of similar cases
|
Decrease time from exposure to followup
|
| Measurement Bias
|
Information is gathered in a systemically distorted manner.
|
Association between HPV and cervical cancer not observed when using non-standarized classifications/
|
Use objective, standardized, and previously tested methods of data collection that are planned ahead of time
|
| Procedure Bias
|
subjects in different groups are not treated the same
|
patients in treatment group spend more time in highly specialized hospital units
|
Blinding and use of placebo
|
| Observer- expectancy Bias
|
Researche's belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment
|
If observer expects treatment group to show signs of recovery, then he is more likely to document positive outcomes.
|
Blinding
|
Heart Failure
Clinical syndrome of cardiac pump dysfunction-->congestion and low perfusion.
Symptoms inlude dyspnea,orthopnea,fatigue; signs include rale,jugular venous distention(JVD),pitting edema.
- Systolic Dysfunction
- reduced EF,increased EDV;decreased contracility often secondary to ischaemia/MI or dialted cardiomyopathy
- Diastolic Dysfunction
- preserved EF, normal EDV;compliance often secondary to myocardial hypertrophy.
|
|
Caused BY
|
Skin
|
Preload
|
CO
|
Afterload
|
Treatment
|
| Hypovolumic
|
hemorrhage,dehydration,burns
|
Cold,clammy
|
reduced
|
reduced
|
increased
|
IV fluids
|
| Cardiogenic
|
Acute MI,HF
|
Cold,clammy
|
increased
|
reduced
|
Increased
|
Inotropes, diuresis
|
| Distributive
|
Sepsis, anaphylaxis
|
warm,dry
|
reduced
|
increased
|
reduced
|
IV fluids,pressors
|
- this is how we add bullets
- this is how numbers are added
reference
|