Eclampsia epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), defined as a sex-specific cardiovascular disease, is one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality globally and a critical threat to maternal and infant health. [1][2]
Epidemiology and Demographics of Eclampsia
Incidence
- Since preeclampsia and eclampsia are one of the main causes of maternal deaths, the data on incidence is required at both national and local levels to inform policies to further target the affected population and for the focused distribution of resources.
- A systematic review conducted for the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) with the objective of evaluating its magnitude globally, representing 39 million women from 40 countries, estimates the incidence to be 4.6% (95% uncertainty range 2.7-8.2), and 1.4% (95% uncertainty range 1.0-2.0) of all deliveries for preeclampsia and eclampsia respectively, with a wide variation across regions.[2]
Prevalance
Impact
- Total deaths attributable to pregnancy-related causes are over half a million and 99% of these deaths come from low- to middle-income nations.
- High blood pressure during pregnancy is seen in ten percent of women and preeclampsia complicates 2% to 8% of pregnancies which can include problems in the liver, kidneys, brain and the clotting system and risks for the baby include poor growth and prematurity.[3]
- Although preeclampsia can be devastating and life-threatening the outcome is often good and manageable.
- Overall, 10% to 15% of direct maternal deaths are associated with preeclampsia and eclampsia and most of these deaths are attributable to eclampsia, rather than preeclampsia.[3]
- Perinatal mortality is high following preeclampsia, and even higher following eclampsia.
- The Millennium Development Goals have placed maternal health at the core of the struggle against poverty and inequality, as a matter of human rights.
- Eclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality. The prevalence of eclampsia is reported to be 0.56 per 1,000 births (US data from 1979-86) versus 26 per 1,000 births for pre-eclampsia.[4] While mortality can be kept low when antenatal care and maternal-fetal services are provided, mortality rates are substantial in challenging settings. Thus in a setting in India, maternal mortality and perinatal mortality were reported to be 32% and 39%, respectively, in 1993.[5]
References
- ↑ Garovic V, White W, Vaughan L, Saiki M, Parashuram S, Garcia-Valencia O,et al. Incidence and long-term outcomes of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(18):2323–34
- ↑ Abalos E, Cuesta C, Grosso AL, Chou D, Say L (2013). "Global and regional estimates of preeclampsia and eclampsia: a systematic review". Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 170 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.05.005. PMID 23746796.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Duley L (2009). "The global impact of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia". Semin Perinatol. 33 (3): 130–7. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2009.02.010. PMID 19464502.
- ↑ Saftlas AF, Olson DR, Franks AL, Atrash HK, Pokras R. "Epidemiology of preeclampsia and eclampsia in the United States, 1979-1986". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Aug;163(2): 460-5. PMID 2396132.
- ↑ Swain S, Ojha KN, Prakash A, Bhatia BD. "Maternal and perinatal mortality due to eclampsia". Indian Pediatr. 1993 Jun;30(6):771-3.