COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[2]
Synonyms and keywords: COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders
Overview
Historical Perspective
- In November 2019, the new coronavirus (COVID-19) was detected in Wuhan in the Hubei state of China for the first time.[1]
- By April 2020, stay-at-home advisories, or shelter-in-place policies have been applied in 42 states of the United States affecting no less than 316 million people (close to 96% of the US population).[2]
- Based on multiple studies done in early 2020, the number of internet searches for mental health symptoms has been significantly increased. Furthermore, from the start of the pandemic, more people requested mental health services.[3]
Classification
The following are COVID-19-associated mental disorders that have been reported during the pandemic:
Pathophysiology
- The unknown nature of the virus within the first months, the uncertainty of its transmission route, and the high rate of hospitalization and mortality led to serious concern and distress among individuals.[4]
- As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic the following chain of emotional issues developed among individuals:[5]
- Guilt
- Stress
- Loneliness
- Stigma
- Helplessness
- Anger
- Despair
- Fear
- Disruption of the routine day-to-day life due to strict quarantine measures, closing of schools, and cancelling all social events was one of the important determinants.
Causes
Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Age
- Patients of all age groups may develop mental disorder due to the COVID-19, nevertheless, younger population were more vulnerable to develop psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.[1][6][7]
- Based on a systematic review, mental disorder due to COVID-19 pandemic was higher in the age group of 21-40 years.[4]
- Another study which was done on 1653 participants globally, suggested that the high rate of mental disorders among the younger population was related to poor sleep and loneliness of this population.[3]
Gender
- female are more commonly affected with COVID-19-related mental disorders than male.[8][1]
- Supported by a study in Canada, young females are among the populations with a high prevalence of mental disorders during the pandemic.[5]
Race
- Ethnic and racial minorities were related to a higher rate of mental health difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on a large national study, Hispanics and African Americans had the highest rate of Depression in the United States, compared to other races.[7]
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Ustun G (2021). "Determining depression and related factors in a society affected by COVID-19 pandemic". Int J Soc Psychiatry. 67 (1): 54–63. doi:10.1177/0020764020938807. PMC 7331110 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32605422 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Ettman CK, Abdalla SM, Cohen GH, Sampson L, Vivier PM, Galea S (2020). "Prevalence of Depression Symptoms in US Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic". JAMA Netw Open. 3 (9): e2019686. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686. PMC 7489837 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32876685 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Varma P, Junge M, Meaklim H, Jackson ML (2021). "Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: A global cross-sectional survey". Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 109: 110236. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110236. PMC 7834119 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33373680 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, Rasoulpoor S, Mohammadi M; et al. (2020). "Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Global Health. 16 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w. PMC 7338126 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32631403 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 5.0 5.1 McQuaid RJ, Cox SML, Ogunlana A, Jaworska N (2021). "The burden of loneliness: Implications of the social determinants of health during COVID-19". Psychiatry Res. 296: 113648. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113648. PMID 33348199 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Hossain MM, Tasnim S, Sultana A, Faizah F, Mazumder H, Zou L; et al. (2020). "Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: a review". F1000Res. 9: 636. doi:10.12688/f1000research.24457.1. PMC 7549174 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33093946 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 7.0 7.1 Khubchandani J, Sharma S, Webb FJ, Wiblishauser MJ, Bowman SL (2021). "Post-lockdown depression and anxiety in the USA during the COVID-19 pandemic". J Public Health (Oxf). 43 (2): 246–253. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa250. PMC 7928742 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33426559 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Moghanibashi-Mansourieh A (2020). "Assessing the anxiety level of Iranian general population during COVID-19 outbreak". Asian J Psychiatr. 51: 102076. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102076. PMC 7165107 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32334409 Check|pmid=value (help).