Bacterial pneumonia risk factors
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Arooj Naz
Overview
Bacterial pneumonia can affect individuals of any age, gender, or race and has minimal significance in relation to family history although those with underlying immunoglobulin defects have a higher likelihood of infection. It tends to affect men more often than women, and is more common in African Americans compared to Caucasians. Socioeconomic status is an important contributing factors and may explain the increased prevalence rate in low to middle-income nations.[1] Pneumonia may also be affected by the use of medications such as proton pump inhibitors and ACE inhibitors.
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Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of bacterial pneumonia include:
- Age; Infants and geriatric patients greater than 65 years[2]
- Comorbidities[3]
- Underlying Genetic conditions[4]
- Smoking[5]
- Excessive alcohol intake[2]
- Post viral complication[6] (often after an Influenza infection)
- Immunosuppresion (eg, HIV, use of corticosteroids that may be iatrogenic)[2]
- Low socioeconomic status [1]
- Males[7]
- African Americans[7]
Pneumonia in relation to other Drugs/ Other medications used:
- Atypical antipsychotics have been shown to increase the risk of pneumonia, especially in elderly individuals. [8]
- Use of Acid Suppressing drugs (H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and other antacids) may increase the risk of pneumonia.[9]
- ACE inhibitors may be helpful in reducing the risk of pneumonia.[10]
Risk Factors and specific bacterial microorganisms leading to Pneumonia:
| Underlying Condition | Most Common Bacterial Microorganisms |
|---|---|
| Alcohol Abuse | Streptococcus Pneumoniae, oral anaerobes, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Acinetobacter |
| Aspiration | Oral anaerobes, Gram-negative enteric bacteria |
| COPD | Haemophilus Influenzae, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Legionella, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Moraxella Catarrhalis |
| Endotracheal Obstrcution | Streptococcus Pneumoniae, oral flora anaerobes, Haemophilus Influenzae, Staphylococcus Aureus |
| Lung Abscess | Community-acquired MRSA, oral anaerobes, Atypical Mycobacteria |
| HIV | Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Haemophilus Influenzae |
| IV Drug Abuse | Staphylococcus Aureus, oral anaerobes, Streptococcus Pneumoniae |
| Smoking | Haemophilus Influenzae, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Legionella, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Moraxella Catarrhalis |
| Structural Lung Diseases | Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Burkholderia Cepacia, Staphylococcus Aureus |
| Avian Related | Chlamydia psittaci |
Nosocomial Pneumonia:
It is common for patients to be infected with certain strains of bacteria while at the hospital, especially those patients that have any underlying comorbidities or risk factors and have a prolonged duration of stay at the hospital. Most cases occur after 48 hours or more. The most common pathogens causing pneumonia include:[13]
- Gram-positive cocci (e.g, Staphylococcus aureus, which includes methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and Streptococcus species)
- Aerobic gram-negative bacilli (e.g. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Escherichia Coli, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Enterobacter species, Acinetobacter species)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Roomaney RA, Pillay-van Wyk V, Awotiwon OF, Dhansay A, Groenewald P, Joubert JD; et al. (2016). "Epidemiology of lower respiratory infection and pneumonia in South Africa (1997-2015): a systematic review protocol". BMJ Open. 6 (9): e012154. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012154. PMC 5030548. PMID 27633638.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 28613500.
- ↑ Alshahwan SI, Alsowailmi G, Alsahli A, Alotaibi A, Alshaikh M, Almajed M; et al. (2019). "The prevalence of complications of pneumonia among adults admitted to a tertiary care center in Riyadh from 2010-2017". Ann Saudi Med. 39 (1): 29–36. doi:10.5144/0256-4947.2019.29. PMC 6464674. PMID 30712048.
- ↑ Schussler E, Beasley MB, Maglione PJ (2016). "Lung Disease in Primary Antibody Deficiencies". J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 4 (6): 1039–1052. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2016.08.005. PMC 5129846. PMID 27836055.
- ↑ Baskaran V, Murray RL, Hunter A, Lim WS, McKeever TM (2019). "Effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis". PLoS One. 14 (7): e0220204. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220204. PMC 6638981 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 31318967. - ↑ Prasso JE, Deng JC (2017). "Postviral Complications: Bacterial Pneumonia". Clin Chest Med. 38 (1): 127–138. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2016.11.006. PMC 5324726. PMID 28159155.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 30020693.
- ↑ Knol W, van Marum RJ, Jansen PA, Souverein PC, Schobben AF, Egberts AC (2008). "Antipsychotic drug use and risk of pneumonia in elderly people". J Am Geriatr Soc. 56 (4): 661–6. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01625.x. PMID 18266664.
- ↑ Laheij RJ, Sturkenboom MC, Hassing RJ, Dieleman J, Stricker BH, Jansen JB (2004). "Risk of community-acquired pneumonia and use of gastric acid-suppressive drugs". JAMA. 292 (16): 1955–60. doi:10.1001/jama.292.16.1955. PMID 15507580.
- ↑ Caldeira D, Alarcão J, Vaz-Carneiro A, Costa J (2012). "Risk of pneumonia associated with use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ. 345: e4260. doi:10.1136/bmj.e4260. PMC 3394697. PMID 22786934. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2012 Nov 20;157(10):JC5-2
- ↑ {{https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pneumonia_risk_factors}}
- ↑ {{https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/44/Supplement_2/S27/372079}}
- ↑ "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 30571062.