Bornholm disease natural history
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Arooj Naz
Overview
Natural History
The illness lasts about a week and is rarely fatal. Relapses during the weeks following the initial episode are a characteristic feature of this disease.
Complications
About 5% of people develop complications. These include:
- Acute viral meningitis as a complication of the coxsackievirus infection
- Adult males may develop orchitis
Less common complications include: [1]
- Hepatitis and Hepatic Necrosis with resultant coagulopathy
- Pericarditis
- Myocarditis
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC)
- Respiratory distress [2]
- Benign lymphocytic meningitis [3]
Clinical studies have shown that children affected with the Coxsackie B3 strain had the highest rate of complication, approximately 9.2%. The most common complication complications included DIC followed by respiratory distress, shock and hepatic necrosis.[4]
An unlikely complication included meningeal involvement, this was noted in an outbreak that occurred in Sweden with less than 10% of patients being affected.[5]
Prognosis
The prognosis is very good as the disease often results in complete recovery with mostly supportive care.[1] For male patients that experienced orchitis, treatment focused on bed rest as well as the use of suspensory bandages.[6]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lal A, Akhtar J, Isaac S, Mishra AK, Khan MS, Noreldin M; et al. (2018). "Unusual cause of chest pain, Bornholm disease, a forgotten entity; case report and review of literature". Respir Med Case Rep. 25: 270–273. doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2018.10.005. PMC 6197799. PMID 30364740.
- ↑ Lee CJ, Huang YC, Yang S, Tsao KC, Chen CJ, Hsieh YC; et al. (2014). "Clinical features of coxsackievirus A4, B3 and B4 infections in children". PLoS One. 9 (2): e87391. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087391. PMC 3913601. PMID 24504149.
- ↑ DISNEY ME, HOWARD EM, WOOD BS, FINDLAY GM (1953). "Bornholm disease in children". Br Med J. 1 (4824): 1351–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4824.1351. PMC 2016664. PMID 13042254.
- ↑ Lee CJ, Huang YC, Yang S, Tsao KC, Chen CJ, Hsieh YC; et al. (2014). "Clinical features of coxsackievirus A4, B3 and B4 infections in children". PLoS One. 9 (2): e87391. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087391. PMC 3913601. PMID 24504149.
- ↑ LANGDALE-SMITH HG, LANGDALE-SMITH DM, WILKINSON BR (1957). "Epidemic of meningoencephalitis and Bornholm disease". Br Med J. 1 (5022): 805–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5022.805. PMC 1973220. PMID 13404313.
- ↑ JAMIESON WM, PRINSLEY DM (1947). "Bornholm disease in the tropics". Br Med J. 2 (4514): 47–50. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4514.47. PMC 2055212. PMID 20251794.