Hypogonadism risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of hypogonadism in men are dyslipidemia, obesity, alcohol intake, malignancies and metabolic syndrome. Common risk factors in women include nulliparity and dysmenorrhea. Other risk factors include coronary heart disease, hypertension, heart failure, and smoking.[1]
Risk Factors
Men
Based on several studies done in different populations, many risk factors for hypogonadism have been suggested. The studies ended up into common and less common risk factors which are discussed below.[1][2][3]
Common risk factors in men
Common risk factors of hypogonadism include the following:
- Dyslipidemia
- Obesity[4][5]
- Alcohol intake
- Cancer
- Cannabis[6]
- Opioids
- Diabetes mellitus
- Metabolic syndrome
- Phytoestrogens in the diet
- Poor health status and increase medications intake
Less common risk factors in men
Less common risk factors of hypogonadism include the following:
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Coronary artery diseases
- Hypertension
- Heart failure
- Smoking
- Chemotherapy
- Radiotherapy
Women
Based on a study done among women in menopause, various risk factors of hypogonadism or premature ovarian failure were suggested. These risk factors are enlisted below.[7][8]
Common risk factors in women
- Nulliparous women
- History of irregular menstrual periods
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Zarotsky V, Huang MY, Carman W, Morgentaler A, Singhal PK, Coffin D; et al. (2014). "Systematic literature review of the risk factors, comorbidities, and consequences of hypogonadism in men". Andrology. 2 (6): 819–34. doi:10.1111/andr.274. PMID 25269643.
- ↑ Template:Citejournal
- ↑ Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, Punnonen K, Nyyssönen K, Tuomainen TP, Valkonen VP; et al. (2005). "The metabolic syndrome and smoking in relation to hypogonadism in middle-aged men: a prospective cohort study". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 90 (2): 712–9. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0970. PMID 15536158.
- ↑ Li FP, Wang CZ, Huang JM, Yang WT, Lan BY, Ding CZ; et al. (2020). "Obesity-associated secondary hypogonadism in young and middle-aged men in Guangzhou: A single-centre cross-sectional study". Int J Clin Pract. 74 (8): e13513. doi:10.1111/ijcp.13513. PMID 32304616 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Lokeshwar SD, Patel P, Fantus RJ, Halpern J, Chang C, Kargi AY; et al. (2021). "Decline in Serum Testosterone Levels Among Adolescent and Young Adult Men in the USA". Eur Urol Focus. 7 (4): 886–889. doi:10.1016/j.euf.2020.02.006. PMID 32081788 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Kolodny, Robert C.; Masters, William H.; Kolodner, Robert M.; Toro, Gelson (18 April 1974). "Depression of Plasma Testosterone Levels after Chronic Intensive Marihuana Use". New England Journal of Medicine. 290 (16): 872–874. doi:10.1056/NEJM197404182901602. eISSN 1533-4406. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 4816961.
- ↑ Progetto Menopausa Italia Study Group (2003). "Premature ovarian failure: frequency and risk factors among women attending a network of menopause clinics in Italy". BJOG. 110 (1): 59–63. PMID 12504937.
- ↑ Testa G, Chiaffarino F, Vegetti W, Nicolosi A, Caliari I, Alagna F; et al. (2001). "Case-control study on risk factors for premature ovarian failure". Gynecol Obstet Invest. 51 (1): 40–3. doi:52889 Check
|doi=value (help). PMID 11150874.