Oculofaciocardiodental syndrome
| Oculofaciocardiodental syndrome |
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Synonyms and related keywords: MCOPS2 or Microphthalmia, cataracts, radiculomegaly, and septal heart defects or Microphthalmia, syndromic 2, Oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome, OFCD syndrome
Overview
Oculofaciocardiodental syndrome is a condition that affects the development of the eyes (oculo-), facial features (facio-), heart (cardio-) and teeth (dental). This condition occurs only in females. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
The eye abnormalities associated with OFCD syndrome can affect one or both eyes. Many people with this condition are born with eyeballs that are abnormally small (microphthalmia). Other eye problems can include clouding of the lens (cataract) and a higher risk of glaucoma, an eye disease that increases the pressure in the eye. These abnormalities can lead to vision loss or blindness.
People with OFCD syndrome often have a long, narrow face with distinctive facial features, including deep-set eyes and a broad nasal tip that is divided by a cleft. Some affected people have an opening in the roof of the mouth called a cleft palate.
Heart defects are another common feature of OFCD syndrome. Babies with this condition may be born with a hole between two chambers of the heart (an atrial or ventricular septal defect) or a leak in one of the valves that controls blood flow through the heart (mitral valve prolapse).
Teeth with very large roots (radiculomegaly) are characteristic of OFCD syndrome. Additional dental abnormalities can include delayed loss of primary (baby) teeth, missing or abnormally small teeth, misaligned teeth, and defective tooth enamel.
Incidence
Oculofaciocardiodental syndrome is very rare; the incidence is estimated to be less than 1 in 1 million people.
Genetics
Mutations in the BCOR gene cause Oculofaciocardiodental syndrome. The BCOR gene provides instructions for making a protein called the BCL6 co-repressor. This protein helps regulate the activity of other genes. Little is known about the protein's function, although it appears to play an important role in early embryonic development. Several mutations in the BCOR gene have been found in people with oculofaciocardiodental syndrome. These mutations prevent the production of any functional protein from the altered gene, which disrupts the normal development of the eyes and several other organs and tissues before birth.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of oculofaciocardiodental syndrome is hard for medical specialists and the syndrome is often unrecognized.
Cardiac Abnormalities
- Ventricular septal defect
- Atrial septal defect
- Mild cardiomegaly
- Atrial hypertrophy
- Ventricular hypertrophy
- Benign peripheral pulmonic stenosis
- Mitral valve prolapse
Dental Abnormalities
The specific dental findings (visible on a panoramic radiograph of the jaws) can be easily diagnosed by an orthodontist or a dentist.
- Radiculomegaly: The most consistent and pathognomic dental finding of oculofaciocardiodental syndrome is radiculomegaly (extremely long roots), particularly of the canines and occasionally of other teeth including premolars and incisors.
- Slow and delayed dental eruption: The dental eruption in both the deciduous and the permanent dentition is consistently slow and delayed.
- Oligodontia
- Fused teeth
- Supernumerary teeth
- Malformed permanent teeth
- Enamel defects
- Root dilacerations
- Malposition
- Malocclusion
Facial Abnormalities
- Long narrow face
- High nasal bridge
- Broad nasal tip with separated nasal cartilages
- Laterally curved and thick eyebrows
- Long philtrum
- Clefts of the hard / soft palate
Ocular Abnormalities
- Bilateral congenital cataracts
- Microphthalmia
- Regressive vision impairment
- Secondary glaucoma
- Ptosis
- Exotropia: Exotropia is very common.
Others
- Syndactyly of the second and third toes
- Hammer-type flexion of the second and fourth toes
- Radio-ulnar synostosis
- Vertebral and rib anomalies
- Intestinal malrotation
- Hearing impairment
- Mental and psychomotor retardation
Inheritance
This condition is inherited in an X-linked dominant pattern. The gene associated with this condition is located on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes. In females (who have two X chromosomes), a mutation in one of the two copies of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. Some cells produce a normal amount of BCL6 co-repressor protein and other cells produce none. The resulting overall reduction in the amount of this protein leads to the signs and symptoms of OFCD syndrome.
In males (who have only one X chromosome), mutations result in a total loss of the BCL6 co-repressor protein. A lack of this protein appears to be lethal very early in development, so no males are born with OFCD syndrome.
Management
Management of oculofaciocardiodental syndrome requires appropriate cardiac, ophthalmic and dental care.
Source
References
- ↑ Gorlin RJ, Marashi AH, Obwegeser HL. Oculo-facio-cardio-dental (OFCD) syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1996 May 3;63(1):290-2. PMID 8723122
- ↑ Hedera P, Gorski JL. Oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome: skewed X chromosome inactivation in mother and daughter suggest X-linked dominant Inheritance. Am J Med Genet A. 2003 Dec 15;123(3):261-6. PMID 14608648
- ↑ Horn D, Chyrek M, Kleier S, Lüttgen S, Bolz H, Hinkel GK, Korenke GC, Riess A, Schell-Apacik C, Tinschert S, Wieczorek D, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Kutsche K. Novel mutations in BCOR in three patients with oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome, but none in Lenz microphthalmia syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet. 2005 May;13(5):563-9. PMID 15770227
- ↑ McGovern E, Al-Mudaffer M, McMahon C, Brosnahan D, Fleming P, Reardon W. Oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome in a mother and daughter. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006 Nov;35(11):1060-2. Epub 2006 Jul 10. PMID 16829040
- ↑ Ng D, Thakker N, Corcoran CM, Donnai D, Perveen R, Schneider A, Hadley DW, Tifft C, Zhang L, Wilkie AO, van der Smagt JJ, Gorlin RJ, Burgess SM, Bardwell VJ, Black GC, Biesecker LG. Oculofaciocardiodental and Lenz microphthalmia syndromes result from distinct classes of mutations in BCOR. Nat Genet. 2004 Apr;36(4):411-6. Epub 2004 Mar 7. PMID 15004558
- ↑ Schulze BR, Horn D, Kobelt A, Tariverdian G, Stellzig A. Rare dental abnormalities seen in oculo-facio-cardio-dental (OFCD) syndrome: three new cases and review of nine patients. Am J Med Genet. 1999 Feb 19;82(5):429-35. Review. PMID 10069716
- ↑ Tsukawaki H, Tsuji M, Kawamoto T, Ohyama K. Three cases of oculo-facio-cardio-dental (OFCD) syndrome. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005 Sep;42(5): 467-76. PMID 16149826