Mitral stenosis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.; Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D. [3]
Overview
Almost all cases of mitral stenosis result from Rheumatic heart disease, which occurs as a complication of group A streptococcal infection in genetically susceptible individuals. Some cases may be congenital. Mitral stenosis may run in families.
Causes of Mitral stenosis
Acquired Mitral Stenosis:
- Rheumatic heart disease: This is synonymous with rheumatic fever which occurs as a complication of group A streptococcal infection in genetically susceptible individuals.
- There are primary causes of mitral stenosis that emanate from a cleft mitral valve.
- Prosthetic mitral valve.
- Mitral valve obstruction from left atrial myxoma.
- Mitral annular calcification.
- Bacterial endocarditis where the vegetations may favor increase risk of stenosis.
- Radiation treatment to the chest.
- Some medications may cause mitral stenosis.
Congenital mitral stenosis:
Children may be born with mitral stenosis (congenital) or other birth defects involving the heart that cause mitral stenosis. Often, there are other heart defects present, along with the mitral stenosis. This is a rare entity which includes the following:
- Hypoplasia of mitral valve annulus which is considered part of the spectrum of hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
- Mitral valve commissural fusion.
- Double orifice mitral valve.
- Thickened chordae tendinae.
- Shone's syndrome which consists a set of four cardiac defects:
- Parachute mitral valve.
- Supra-valve mitral membrane (SVMM).
- Sub-aortic stenosis.
- Coarctation of the aorta.
Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Mitral Stenosis
| Cardiovascular | Rheumatic heart disease which is synonymous with rheumatic fever that occurs as a complication of group A streptococcal infection in genetically susceptible individuals, Atrial myxoma that may cause mitral valve obstruction, Prosthetic mitral valve, Primary causes of mitral stenosis that emanate from a cleft mitral valve, Mitral annular calcification, Lutembacher syndrome and Bacterial endocarditis where the vegetations may favor increase risk of stenosis.
Congenital mitral stenosis in which children may be born with mitral stenosis or other birth defects involving the heart that may cause mitral stenosis, such defects include: Hypoplasia of mitral valve annulus which is considered part of the spectrum of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, Mitral valve commissural fusion, Double orifice mitral valve, Thickened chordae tendinae and Shone's syndrome. |
| Chemical / poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | Some medications may cause mitral stenosis |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | radiation treatment to the chest. |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | bacterial endocarditis where the vegetations may favor increase risk of stenosis, |
| Musculoskeletal / Ortho | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional / Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Atrial myxoma that may cause mitral valve obstruction, |
| Opthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose / Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal / Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheum / Immune / Allergy | Rheumatic heart disease which is synonymous with rheumatic fever that occurs as a complication of group A streptococcal infection in genetically susceptible individuals, Ankylosing spondylitis, |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |