Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
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Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia |
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Differentiating Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2], Aric C. Hall, M.D., [3]
Overview
Classification
Risk Factors
Genetic risk factors for thrombosis such as factor V Leiden, prothrombin gene mutation, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism and platelet-receptor polymorphisms do not increase the risk of developing HIT associated thrombosis.
4 factors that affect the risk of developing HIT are noted as follows.[1] 1) Duration of heparin treatment; long duration, up to 2 weeks is associated with the greatest risk. 2) The type of heparin involved; UFH has a greater risk than LMWH. 3) The type of patient; surgical patients are at higher risk than medical; cardiac surgical patients have the highest risk of all. 4) Females have a higher risk.
CPB bypass: The management of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) patients with active HIT is controversial. Direct Thrombin Inhibitors such as agatroban and hirudin are used (and increase the aPTT in a dose dependent manner). However, in the large doses required for CPB hirudin's effects cannot be monitored well. Following CPB surgery the platelet count drops to about 40-60% of normal within the first 2-3 days postop due to hemodilution and platelet consumption. But there is also a risk of HIT. 20-50% of patients develop heparin antibodies during the first 5-10 days following CPB and some develop HIT (1-3% if UFH is continued through the postop period).
Diagnosis
History and symptoms
Lab tests
Treatment
Treatment is by prompt withdrawal of heparin and replacement with a suitable alternative anticoagulant. To block the thrombotic state, lepirudin, fondaparinux, bivalirudin, argatroban, danaparoid or other direct thrombin inhibitors are used. Low molecular weight heparin is deemed contraindicated in HIT.
According to past reviews, patients treated with lepirudin for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia showed a relative risk reduction of clinical outcome (death, amputation, etc.) to be 0.52 and 0.42 when compared to patient controls. In addition, patients treated with argatroban for HIT showed a relative risk reduction of the above clinical outcomes to be 0.20 and 0.18. [2]
Pharmacotherapy
Acute Pharmacotherapies
- Check platelet counts twice weekly while on heparin. Withdrawal heparin immediately of HIT is suspected. Platelet transfusion worsens thrombosis and should be reserved for patients with active bleeding. Warfarin therapy should be avoided for 3-5 days after heparin cessation and/or until thrombocytopenia resolves (>100,000).
- Use of direct thrombin inhibitors is the safest and most effective therapeutic approach to HIT for both those who need ongoing anticoagulation and for thrombosis prevention.
Danaproid (Orgaran) is a heparinoid composed of 85% heparan sulphate, 10% dermatan sulphate and 5% chondroitin sulphate that has approximately 10% cross reactivity with heparin. It has been shown to reduce mortality from thrombotic complications to 5% from 28%.
- The in vitro cross reactivity of LMWH with heparin dependent antibodies is approximately 60-100%. Some argue that LMWH is contraindicated for patients who develop HIT because of this cross-reactivity. Nonetheless, a theoretical argument for the use of LMWH in therapy for HIT has been made. The theory is that the LMWH overall interaction of heparin with PF4 will diminish. Though there are reports of LMWH being effective in controlling HIT in the presence of cross-reacting antibodies, the consensus is not to administer LMWH unless the absence of cross reactivity has been determined.
As stated before when HIT is suspected it is recommended to discontinue the heparin and initiate other agents such as direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs; agatroban, hirudin & bivalirudin). Agatroban (AKA Novastan) doesn't resemble heparin and therefore won't cross-react with heparin antibodies. It is a medication specifically designed as a synthetic intravenous thrombin inhibitor, derived from arginine, to be an anticoagulant in patients with HIT. It is hepatically eliminated (t1/2 = 1 hour). It is contraindicated in patients with problems of hemorrhage and one should avoid intramuscular injections during its use. The infusion is initiated at 2 ug/kg/min; in patients with hepatic impairment it is recommended to reduce the dose to 0.5 ug/kg/min. Adjustment is made to a steady state aPTT of 1.5-3X the baseline. With this regimen greater than half of patients had platelet counts recover by day 3 (in HIT). Abrupt discontinuation of agatroban can lead to a hypercoagulable state. With administration its effects are immediate and a steady state can be achieved in 1-3 hours. When agatroban is given it is advised to begin coumadin. When the INR is >4 discontinue the agatroban and recheck the INR 4-6 hours later. If the INR is below the therapeutic range then resume agatroban. Avoid prothrombotic problems by overlapping the coumadin and agatroban. It has no cross-reactivity with HIT antibodies (to PF4). There is no antibody formation after repeated administration. It does not require dose adjustment in renal impairment. Lepirudin is a DTI but, unlike agatroban, it is eliminated by the kidneys. Hirudin binds to the active site of thrombin by exosite 1, the site at which thrombin binds to its substrates. Bivalrirudin, like hirudin, binds to the active site of thrombin/exostie 1.
Coumadin (and vitamin K antagonists generally) are recommended for long-term anticoagulation however they should not be administered too early, unopposed or in excessive doses. It is important not to initiate coumadin treatment until the platelet count has recovered due to the threat of skin necrosis or gangrene. Discontinuing the heparin and giving Coumadin doesn't prevent the onset of thrombosis in ~50% of patients. Once thrombocytopenia has resolved the coumadin can then be given at a low maintenance dose and alternative anticoagulation should be continued along with coumadin for at least 5 days. The alternative anticoagulant should not be discontinued until the platelet count has achieved a stable plateau and the INR has been the therapeutic range for at least 2 days. The optimal duration of the anticoagulation has not been established.
Patients Undergoing Surgery or PCI
Patients with HIT should be treated with Bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor to support these procedures.
Secondary Prevention
Patients with HIT should be treated with Bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor to support future procedures.
Reference
- ↑ Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA, Sigouin CS, Kohlmann T, Eichler P, Greinacher A. Gender imbalance and risk factor interactions in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2006;108:2937-41. PMID 16857993.
- ↑ Hirsh J, Heddle N, Kelton J (2004). "Treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a critical review". Arch Intern Med. 164 (4): 361–9. PMID 14980986. .
External links
- Cleveland clinic page on HIT
- HIT page
Additional Reading
- Aouifi A, Blanc P, Piriou V, Bastien OH, French P, Hanss M, Lehot JJ. Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with type II heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Thoracic Surg 2001;71:678-683.
- Follis F, Filippone G, Montalbano G, Floriano M, LoBianco E, D'Ancona G, Follis M. Argatroban as a substitute of heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass: a safe alternative? Interact CardioVas Thorac Surg 2010;10:592-596.
- Gates R, Yost P, Parker B. The use of bivalirudin for cardiopulmonary bypass anticoagulation in pediatric heparin-induced thrombocytpenia patients. Artificial Organs. 2010;34(8):667-669.
de:Heparin-induzierte Thrombozytopenie it:Trombocitopenia indotta da eparina