Mitral stenosis natural history, complications and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Overview
Complications of mitral stenosis are left and right heart failure, endocarditis and embolization.
Natural history
The natural history of mitral stenosis secondary to rheumatic fever (the most common cause) is an asymptomatic latent phase following the initial episode of rheumatic fever. This latent period lasts an average of 16.3 ± 5.2 years. Once symptoms of mitral stenosis begin to develop, progression to severe disability takes 9.2 ± 4.3 years. In some areas of the developing world, the rate of progression is more rapid due to repeated infections, poorer treatment of the infections, or more virulent infections and the patient may be symptomatic as early as the late teens.
Death from mitral stenosis is due to the progressive increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, pulmonary hypertension and subsequent right-sided heart failure. This is the mode of death in 60 percent of mitral stenosis cases that are not treated [1][2].
Other less frequent causes of death include[3]:
- Stroke (20%-30%)
- Pulmonary embolism (10%)
- Infective endocarditis (1-5%)
Complications
Complications of mitral stenosis are left and right heart failure, endocarditis and embolization.[4]
- Atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmias. It is the most common cause of disability from the disease in patients who were previously asymptomatic [1][4].
- Pulmonary edema
- Hemoptysis and pulmonary hemorrhage
- Thromboembolic events (pulmonary embolism and stroke, mostly due to atrial fibrillation
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Right ventricular failure
- Tricuspid regurgitation
- Pedal edema
- Ascites
- Congestive hepatopathy
Prognosis
Asymptomatic Patients
Survival is >80% at 10 years
Symptomatic Patients Without Treatment
In individuals who were offered mitral valve surgery but refused, survival with medical therapy alone was 44 ± 6% at 5 years, and 32 ± 8% at 10 years after they were offered correction.
Presence of Pulmonary Hypertension
In the presence of pulmonary hypertension, the mean survival is less than 3 years.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 ROWE JC, BLAND EF, SPRAGUE HB, WHITE PD (1960). "The course of mitral stenosis without surgery: ten- and twenty-year perspectives". Ann Intern Med. 52: 741–9. PMID 14439687.
- ↑ OLESEN KH (1962). "The natural history of 271 patients with mitral stenosis under medical treatment". Br Heart J. 24: 349–57. PMC 1017892. PMID 14481743.
- ↑ Abernathy WS, Willis PW (1973). "Thromboembolic complications of rheumatic heart disease". Cardiovasc Clin. 5 (2): 131–75. PMID 4780192.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Selzer A, Cohn KE (1972). "Natural history of mitral stenosis: a review". Circulation. 45 (4): 878–90. PMID 4552598.