HIV AIDS historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Thirty one years ago, on June 5, 1981, MMWR published a report of five cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) among previously healthy young men in Los Angeles. Since that day, more than 70 million cases have been reported.
Historical perspective
- AIDS was first reported June 5, 1981, when the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recorded a cluster of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (classified as PCP but known to be caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii) in five homosexual men in Los Angeles.[1]
- Three of the earliest known instances of HIV infection are:
- A plasma sample taken in 1959 from an adult male living in Kinshasa, today part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[2]
- HIV found in tissue samples from "Robert R.", a 15 year old African-American teenager who died in St. Louis in 1969.[3]
- HIV found in tissue samples from Arvid Noe, a Norwegian sailor who died around 1976.[4]
- Two species of HIV infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is more virulent and more easily transmitted. HIV-1 is the source of the majority of HIV infections throughout the world, while HIV-2 is not as easily transmitted and is largely confined to West Africa.[5] Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are of primate origin. The origin of HIV-1 is the Central Common Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) found in southern Cameroon.[6] It is established that HIV-2 originated from the Sooty Mangabey (Cercocebus atys), an Old World monkey of Guinea Bissau, Gabon, and Cameroon.
- Most experts believe that HIV probably transferred to humans as a result of direct contact with primates, for instance during hunting or butchery.[7]
A more controversial theory known as the OPV AIDS hypothesis suggests that the AIDS epidemic was inadvertently started in the late 1950s in the Belgian Congo by Hilary Koprowski's research into a poliomyelitis vaccine.[8][9] According to scientific consensus, this scenario is not supported by the available evidence.[10][11][12]
- A recent study states that HIV probably moved from Africa to Haiti and then entered the United States around 1969.[13]
Related Chapters
References
- ↑ Gottlieb MS (2006). "Pneumocystis pneumonia--Los Angeles. 1981". Am J Public Health. 96 (6): 980–1, discussion 982–3. PMID 16714472.
- ↑ Zhu T, Korber BT, Nahmias AJ; et al. (1998). "An African HIV-1 Sequence from 1959 and Implications for the Origin of the Epidemic". Nature. 391 (6667): 594&ndash, 597. doi:10.1038/35400. PMID 9468138.
- ↑ Kolata G (1987-10-28). "Boy's 1969 death suggests AIDS invaded U.S. several times". The New York Times. Retrieved 2006-06-19.
- ↑ Hooper E (1997). "Sailors and star-bursts, and the arrival of HIV". BMJ. 315 (7123): 1689&ndash, 1691. PMID 9448543.
- ↑ Reeves JD, Doms RW (2002). "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2". J. Gen. Virol. 83 (Pt 6): 1253&ndash, 1265. PMID 12029140.
- ↑ Keele BF, van Heuverswyn F, Li YY; et al. (2006). "Chimpanzee Reservoirs of Pandemic and Nonpandemic HIV-1". Science. 313 (5786): 523–6. doi:10.1126/science.1126531. PMID 16728595.
- ↑ Cohen J (2000). "Vaccine Theory of AIDS Origins Disputed at Royal Society". Science. 289 (5486): 1850&ndash, 1851. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1850. PMID 11012346.
- ↑ Curtis T (1992). "The origin of AIDS". Rolling Stone (626). pp. 54&ndash, 59, 61, 106, 108. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
- ↑ Hooper E (1999). The River : A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS (1st ed.). Boston, MA: Little Brown & Co. pp. 1&ndash, 1070. ISBN 0-316-37261-7.
- ↑ Worobey M, Santiago ML, Keele BF; et al. (2004). "Origin of AIDS: contaminated polio vaccine theory refuted". Nature. 428 (6985): 820. doi:10.1038/428820a. PMID 15103367.
- ↑ Berry N, Jenkins A, Martin J; et al. (2005). "Mitochondrial DNA and retroviral RNA analyses of archival oral polio vaccine (OPV CHAT) materials: evidence of macaque nuclear sequences confirms substrate identity". Vaccine. 23: 1639&ndash, 1648. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.10.038. PMID 15705467.
- ↑ "Oral Polio Vaccine and HIV / AIDS: Questions and Answers". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004-03-23. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
- ↑ Gilbert MT, Rambaut A, Wlasiuk G, Spira TJ, Pitchenik AE, Worobey M (2007). "The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (47): 18566–70. doi:10.1073/pnas.0705329104. PMID 17978186.