Myosin essential light chain (ELC), ventricular/cardiac isoform is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYL3gene.[1][2][3] This cardiac ventricular/slow skeletal ELC isoform is distinct from that expressed in fast skeletal muscle (MYL1) and cardiac atrial muscle (MYL4). Ventricular ELC is part of the myosin molecule and is important in modulating cardiac muscle contraction.
Cardiac, ventricular ELC is 21.9 kDa and composed of 195 amino acids (See human MYL3 sequences features here). Cardiac ELC and the second light chain, regulatory light chain (RLC, MYL2), are non-covalently bound to IQXXXRGXXXR motifs in the 9 nm S1-S2 lever arm of the myosin head,[4] both alpha (MYH6) and beta (MYH7) isoforms. Both light chains are members of the EF-hand superfamily of proteins, which possess helix-loop-helix motifs in two globular domains connected by an alpha-helical linker. Though EF hand motifs are specialized to bind divalent ions such as calcium, cardiac ELC does not bind calcium at physiological levels.[5] The N-terminal region of cardiac ELC is functionlly unique in that it is positively charged, being rich in Lysine residues (amino acids 4-14), with subsequent unique structure governed by Proline-Alanine repeats (amino acids 15-36).
Function
Studies have provided evidence for ELC as modulator of myosin crossbrige kinetics. Treating cardiac myofibrils with the Lysine-rich N-terminal peptide (amino acids 5-14) evoked a supramaximal increase in cardiac myofibrillar MgATPase activity at submaximal calcium concentrations,[6] and further studies demonstrated that this region of ELC modulates the affinity of myosin for actin.[7]
Clinical significance
Mutations in MYL3 have been identified as a cause of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and associated with a mid-left ventricular chamber type hypertrophy.[8] Five mutations in MYL3 have been identified to date: M149V, R154H, E56G, A57G and E143K.[9][10][11][12] All of these cluster around two of the four EF-hand domains, suggesting that proper conformation in these regions is necessary for normal cardiac function.[8]
References
↑Shi Q, Li RK, Mickle DA, Jackowski G (November 1992). "Analysis of the upstream regulatory region of human ventricular myosin light chain 1 gene". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 24 (11): 1221–9. doi:10.1016/0022-2828(92)93089-3. PMID1479618.
↑Cohen-Haguenauer O, Barton PJ, Van Cong N, Cohen A, Masset M, Buckingham M, Frézal J (February 1989). "Chromosomal assignment of two myosin alkali light-chain genes encoding the ventricular/slow skeletal muscle isoform and the atrial/fetal muscle isoform (MYL3, MYL4)". Human Genetics. 81 (3): 278–82. doi:10.1007/bf00279004. PMID2784124.
↑Rayment I, Rypniewski WR, Schmidt-Bäse K, Smith R, Tomchick DR, Benning MM, Winkelmann DA, Wesenberg G, Holden HM (July 1993). "Three-dimensional structure of myosin subfragment-1: a molecular motor". Science. 261 (5117): 50–8. doi:10.1126/science.8316857. PMID8316857.
↑Collins JH (February 1991). "Myosin light chains and troponin C: structural and evolutionary relationships revealed by amino acid sequence comparisons". Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility. 12 (1): 3–25. doi:10.1007/bf01781170. PMID2050809.
↑Rarick HM, Opgenorth TJ, von Geldern TW, Wu-Wong JR, Solaro RJ (October 1996). "An essential myosin light chain peptide induces supramaximal stimulation of cardiac myofibrillar ATPase activity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (43): 27039–43. PMID8900193.
↑Stepkowski D, Efimova N, Paczyņska A, Moczarska A, Nieznańska H, Kakol I (June 1997). "The possible role of myosin A1 light chain in the weakening of actin-myosin interaction". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1340 (1): 105–14. doi:10.1016/s0167-4838(97)00031-9. PMID9217020.
↑Poetter K, Jiang H, Hassanzadeh S, Master SR, Chang A, Dalakas MC, Rayment I, Sellers JR, Fananapazir L, Epstein ND (May 1996). "Mutations in either the essential or regulatory light chains of myosin are associated with a rare myopathy in human heart and skeletal muscle". Nature Genetics. 13 (1): 63–9. doi:10.1038/ng0596-63. PMID8673105.
↑Richard P, Charron P, Carrier L, Ledeuil C, Cheav T, Pichereau C, Benaiche A, Isnard R, Dubourg O, Burban M, Gueffet JP, Millaire A, Desnos M, Schwartz K, Hainque B, Komajda M (May 2003). "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: distribution of disease genes, spectrum of mutations, and implications for a molecular diagnosis strategy". Circulation. 107 (17): 2227–32. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000066323.15244.54. PMID12707239.
↑Lee W, Hwang TH, Kimura A, Park SW, Satoh M, Nishi H, Harada H, Toyama J, Park JE (February 2001). "Different expressivity of a ventricular essential myosin light chain gene Ala57Gly mutation in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". American Heart Journal. 141 (2): 184–9. doi:10.1067/mhj.2001.112487. PMID11174330.
↑Olson TM, Karst ML, Whitby FG, Driscoll DJ (May 2002). "Myosin light chain mutation causes autosomal recessive cardiomyopathy with mid-cavitary hypertrophy and restrictive physiology". Circulation. 105 (20): 2337–40. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000018444.47798.94. PMID12021217.
Further reading
Schaub MC, Hefti MA, Zuellig RA, Morano I (February 1998). "Modulation of contractility in human cardiac hypertrophy by myosin essential light chain isoforms". Cardiovascular Research. 37 (2): 381–404. doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(97)00258-7. PMID9614495.
Stragier P, Kunkel B, Kroos L, Losick R (January 1989). "Chromosomal rearrangement generating a composite gene for a developmental transcription factor". Science. 243 (4890): 507–12. doi:10.1126/science.2536191. PMID2536191.
Fodor WL, Darras B, Seharaseyon J, Falkenthal S, Francke U, Vanin EF (February 1989). "Human ventricular/slow twitch myosin alkali light chain gene characterization, sequence, and chromosomal location". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (4): 2143–9. PMID2789520.
Kurabayashi M, Komuro I, Tsuchimochi H, Takaku F, Yazaki Y (September 1988). "Molecular cloning and characterization of human atrial and ventricular myosin alkali light chain cDNA clones". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (27): 13930–6. PMID3417683.
Henry GD, Trayer IP, Brewer S, Levine BA (April 1985). "The widespread distribution of alpha-N-trimethylalanine as the N-terminal amino acid of light chains from vertebrate striated muscle myosins". European Journal of Biochemistry. 148 (1): 75–82. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08809.x. PMID3979397.
Kovalyov LI, Shishkin SS, Efimochkin AS, Kovalyova MA, Ershova ES, Egorov TA, Musalyamov AK (July 1995). "The major protein expression profile and two-dimensional protein database of human heart". Electrophoresis. 16 (7): 1160–9. doi:10.1002/elps.11501601192. PMID7498159.
Poetter K, Jiang H, Hassanzadeh S, Master SR, Chang A, Dalakas MC, Rayment I, Sellers JR, Fananapazir L, Epstein ND (May 1996). "Mutations in either the essential or regulatory light chains of myosin are associated with a rare myopathy in human heart and skeletal muscle". Nature Genetics. 13 (1): 63–9. doi:10.1038/ng0596-63. PMID8673105.
Takeuchi K, Senba S, Furukawa K, Eto M, Morita F (February 1999). "Localization of 17-kDa myosin light chain isoforms in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells". Journal of Biochemistry. 125 (2): 334–42. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022291. PMID9990131.
Richard P, Charron P, Carrier L, Ledeuil C, Cheav T, Pichereau C, Benaiche A, Isnard R, Dubourg O, Burban M, Gueffet JP, Millaire A, Desnos M, Schwartz K, Hainque B, Komajda M (May 2003). "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: distribution of disease genes, spectrum of mutations, and implications for a molecular diagnosis strategy". Circulation. 107 (17): 2227–32. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000066323.15244.54. PMID12707239.
Xie B, Huang R, Huang L, Zhou G, Gong Z (October 2003). "The functional domains of human ventricular myosin light chain 1". Biophysical Chemistry. 106 (1): 57–66. doi:10.1016/S0301-4622(03)00172-8. PMID14516912.