Japanese encephalitis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Epidemiology and Demographics
Developed Countries
- Rare outbreaks in U.S. territories in Western Pacific
- Japanese encephalitis has been reported on the Torres Strait Islands and two fatal cases were reported in mainland northern Australia in 1998. The spread of the virus in Australia is of particular concern to Australian health officials due to the unplanned introduction of Culex gelidus, a potential vector of the virus, from Asia.
Developing Countries
- Leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia with 30-50,000 cases reported annually
- Fewer than 1 case/year in U.S. civilians and military personnel traveling to and living in Asia
The disease is endemic with seasonal distribution in temperate climate zones of Asia as well as South and South-East Asia. All year transmission is observed in tropical climate zones. Currently, JE is considered hyperendemic in parts of India and Nepal, where authorities have responded with immunization campaigns. Countries which have had major epidemics in the past, but which have controlled the disease primarily by vaccination, include China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan and Thailand. Other countries that still have periodic epidemics include Viet Nam, Cambodia, Myanmar, India, Nepal, and Malaysia.
