Concussion history and symptoms
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Overview
Concussion can be associated with a variety of symptoms, which typically occur rapidly after the injury.[2] Early symptoms usually subside within days or weeks.[3] The number and type of symptoms a person suffers varies widely.[4]
History and Symptoms
Physical
Headache is the most common MTBI symptom.[1] Other symptoms include dizziness, vomiting, nausea, lack of motor coordination, difficulty balancing,[1] or other problems with movement or sensation. Visual symptoms include light sensitivity,[5] seeing bright lights,[6] blurred vision,[3] and double vision.[7] Tinnitus, or a ringing in the ears, is also commonly reported.[3] In one in about seventy concussions, concussive convulsions occur, but these are not actual post-traumatic epilepsy, which is a symptom of more serious injury.[8] Concussive convulsions are thought to result from temporary loss of brain function rather than from structural damage and are usually associated with a good outcome.[9]
Cognitive and Emotional
Cognitive symptoms include confusion, disorientation, and difficulty focusing attention. Loss of consciousness may occur but is not necessarily correlated with the severity of the concussion if it is brief.[10] Post-traumatic amnesia, in which the person cannot remember events leading up to the injury or after it, or both, is a hallmark of concussion.[1] Confusion, another concussion hallmark, may be present immediately or may develop over several minutes.[1] A patient may, for example, repeatedly ask the same questions,[11] be slow to respond to questions or directions, have a vacant stare, or have slurred[1] or incoherent speech.[12] Other MTBI symptoms include changes in sleeping patterns[3] and difficulty with reasoning,[7] concentrating, and performing everyday activities.[1]
Affective results of concussion include crankiness, loss of interest in favorite activities or items,[13] tearfulness,[14] and displays of emotion that are inappropriate to the situation.[12] Common symptoms in concussed children include restlessness, lethargy, and irritability.[15]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
- ↑
Aubry M, Cantu R, Dvorak J, Graf-Baumann T, Johnston K, Kelly J, Lovell M, McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Schamasch P; Concussion in Sport Group. (2002). "Summary and agreement statement of the first international conference on concussion in sport, Vienna 2001. Recommendations for the improvement of safety and health of athletes who may suffer concussive injuries (requires free registration)". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 36 (1): 6–10. PMID 11867482. External link in
|title=(help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3
- ↑
- ↑ Bowen AP (2003). "Second impact syndrome: A rare, catastrophic, preventable complication of concussion in young athletes". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 29 (3): 287–289. doi:10.1067/men.2003.90. PMID 12776088.
- ↑
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Erlanger DM, Kutner KC, Barth JT, Barnes R (1999). "Neuropsychology of sports-related head enjury: Dementia pugilistica to post concussion syndrome". The Clinical Neuropsychologist. 13 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1076/clin.13.2.193.1963. PMID 10949160.
- ↑ McCrory PR, Berkovic SF (1998). "Concussive convulsions. Incidence in sport and treatment recommendations". Sports Medicine. 25 (2): 131–136. PMID 9519401.
- ↑ Perron AD, Brady WJ, Huff JS (2001). "Concussive convulsions: Emergency department assessment and management of a frequently misunderstood entity". Academic Emergency Medicine. 8 (3): 296–298. PMID 11229957.
- ↑
- ↑ Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology (1997). "Practice Parameter: The Management of Concussion in Sports (Summary Statement)" (PDF). American Academy of Neurology. pp. 1–7. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1
Anderson MK, Hall SJ, Martin M (2004). Foundations of Athletic Training: Prevention, Assessment, and Management. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0781750016. Retrieved 2008-01-09. Unknown parameter
|Pages=ignored (|pages=suggested) (help) - ↑
- ↑
- ↑ Heegaard W, Biros M (2007). "Traumatic brain injury". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 25 (3): 655–678, viii. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2007.07.001. PMID 17826211.