Metabolic syndrome risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]; Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]
Overview
Metabolic syndrome is becoming more and more common in the United States. Researchers are not sure whether the syndrome is due to one single cause, but all of the risks for the syndrome are related to obesity.
Risk Factors
- Extra weight around the middle and upper parts of the body (central obesity). The body may be described as "apple-shaped". Increased body weight is considered a major risk factor for metabolic syndrome. In the thrid National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) it was found that metabolic syndrome was present in 5% of those with normal weight, 22% in those who are over weight and 60% in those with obesity.[1] In the Framingham Heart Study cohort it was found that increase in weight over years is associated with increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. [2][3]
- Insulin resistance, in which the body cannot use insulin effectively.
- Aging
- Genetic factors and positive family history
- Hormonal changes
- Lack of exercise
- Postmenopausal status
- Smoking
- Low economic status
- High carbohydrate diet
- No alcohol
- Atypical antipsychotics like clozapine[4]
- Soft drink consumption [5]
People who have metabolic syndrome often have two other problems that can either cause the condition or make it worse:
- Excess blood clotting
- Low levels of inflammation throughout the body
References
- ↑ Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, Heshka S, Carnethon MR, Heymsfield SB (2003). "The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994". Archives of Internal Medicine. 163 (4): 427–36. PMC 3146257. PMID 12588201. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Wilson PW, Kannel WB, Silbershatz H, D'Agostino RB (1999). "Clustering of metabolic factors and coronary heart disease". Archives of Internal Medicine. 159 (10): 1104–9. PMID 10335688. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Palaniappan L, Carnethon MR, Wang Y; et al. (2004). "Predictors of the incident metabolic syndrome in adults: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study". Diabetes Care. 27 (3): 788–93. PMID 14988303. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Lamberti JS, Olson D, Crilly JF; et al. (2006). "Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among patients receiving clozapine". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (7): 1273–6. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.7.1273. PMID 16816234. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Dhingra R, Sullivan L, Jacques PF; et al. (2007). "Soft drink consumption and risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in the community". Circulation. 116 (5): 480–8. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.689935. PMID 17646581. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)