First degree AV block causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]

Overview

An atrioventricular block (or AV block) is a type of heart block involving an impairment of the conduction between the atria and the ventricles of the heart. It usually involves the atrioventricular node, but it can involve other structures too. AV block is categorized according to the degree and the site of conduction block. In first-degree AV block, all atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles; however, there is a delay in conduction within the AV node resulting in a prolonged PR interval on ECG (>200 msec or >5 small blocks). In other words, first degree block is a slowed conduction without loss of atrioventricular synchrony.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

• Acute myocardial infarction
• Acute rheumatic fever
• Bacterial endocarditis
• Myocarditis

Common Causes

• Hyperkalemia
• Hyperthyroidism
• Increased vagal tone (e.g. sleep, athletes)
• Ischemic heart disease
• Medications ( e.g. adenosine, amiodarone, beta-blockers, diltiazem, procainamide, verapamil)

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Acute myocardial infarction, acute rheumatic fever, ASD, dilated cardiomyopathy, Ebstein's anomaly, hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome, hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Lev's disease, myocardial bridging, myocarditis, post aortic valve replacement, post catheter ablation for arrhythmias, post closure of a ventricular septal defect, post mitral valve replacement, tetralogy of Fallot, endocardial cushion defect, transposition of the great vessels, valvular heart disease, VSD
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Amiodarone, beta-blockers, digitalis, calcium channel blockers, cholinesterase inhibitors, disopyramide, dofetilide, dolasetron, donepezil, eslicarbazepine acetate, fesoterodine, fingolimod, flecainide, ibutilide, lacosamide, magnesium, paliperidone, procainamide, propafenone, propoxyphene, quinidine, sotalol, terodiline
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Hyperthyroidism, myxedema, thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
Environmental	Hypothermia
Gastroenterologic	Hemochromatosis
Genetic	Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, Fabry disease, glycogenosis type 2b, hereditary neuromuscular disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome
Hematologic	Multiple myeloma
Iatrogenic	Post aortic valve replacement, post catheter ablation for arrhythmias, post closure of a ventricular septal defect, post mitral valve replacement
Infectious Disease	Acute rheumatic fever, Chagas disease, diphtheria, Lyme disease, myocarditis, neonatal lupus erythematosus, protozoal infection, sarcoidosis, SLE, tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Ankylosing spondylitis, hereditary neuromuscular disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, mitochondrial genome inherited conditions, muscular dystrophy
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	Fabry disease, glycogenosis type 2b
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Multiple myeloma
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Sarcoidosis
Renal / Electrolyte	Hyperkalemia, hypokalemia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Ankylosing spondylitis, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, SLE
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Amyloidosis, degenerative diseases, Enhanced vagal tone, normal variants, pain, sleep , trauma

Causes in Alphabetical Order

• Acute myocardial infarction

• Acute rheumatic fever

• Amyloidosis

• Ankylosing spondylitis

• ASD

• Bacterial endocarditis

• Beta-blockers

• Calcific aortic stenosis

• Calcium channel blockers

• Cardiac glycosides

• Cardiac tumors

• Chagas disease

• Cholinesterase inhibitors

• Clonidine

• Degenerative diseases

• Dermatomyositis

• Digitalis

• Digoxin

• Dilated cardiomyopathy

• Diltiazem

• Diphtheria

• Disopyramide

• Dolasetron

• Donepezil

• Drugs

• Ebstein anomaly

• Ebstein's anomaly

• Electrolyte disturbances

• Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, x-linked

• Endocarditis

• enhanced vagal tone in athletes

• Eslicarbazepine acetate

• Fabry disease

• Fesoterodine

• Fingolimod

• Glycogenosis type 2b

• HCM

• hereditary neuromuscular disease

• Hodgkin lymphoma

• Hyperkalaemia

• Hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome

• Hyperthyroidism

• Hypokalaemia

• Hypothermia

• Ibutilide

• Ischaemic heart disease

• Kearns-Sayre syndrome

• Labetalol

• Lacosamide

• Lanatoside C

• Lenegre's disease

• Lev's disease

• Lyme disease

• Mitochondrial genome inherited conditions

• Multiple myeloma

• Muscular dystrophy

• Myocardial bridging

• Myocarditis

• Myotonic dystrophy

• Myxedema

• neonatal lupus erythematosus

• Normal variants of PR prolongation

• Pain

• Paliperidone

• Post aortic valve replacement

• Post catheter ablation for arrhythmias

• Post closure of a ventricular septal defect

• Post mitral valve replacement

• Procainamide

• Propoxyphene

• Propranolol

• Protozoal infection

• Quinidine

• Quinine

• Rheumatic mitral valve disease

• Sarcoidosis

• SLE

• Sleep

• Systemic sclerosis

• Terodiline

• Tetralogy of fallot

• Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis

• Tolterodine

• Transposition of the great vessels

• Trauma

• Vagal maneuvers

• Valsalva manouevre

• Valvular heart disease

• Verapamil

• VSD

• X-linked inherited conditions

References

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