Coccidioidomycosis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ; Vidit Bhargava, M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
California state prisons have been particularly affected by Coccidioidomycosis, as far back as 1919. In 2005 and 2006, the Pleasant Valley State Prison near Coalinga and Avenal State Prison near Avenal on the western side of the San Joaquin Valley had the highest incidence rate in 2005, of at least 3,000 per 100,000 [3].
It is endemic in certain parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah and northwestern Mexico.[1]
Fungus can infect other animals apart from humans such as
- Cattle & livestock
- Horses
- Llamas
- Apes & monkeys
- many kind of zoo animals such as kangaroos, wallabies, tigers ,bears , otters etc.
- Marine mammals such as dolphins and
- Occasional wildlife in endemic areas. [2]
Recent epidemiological trends
The incidence of coccidioidomycosis has risen substantially during the past two decades. In arizona , this increase was first noted in 1990's when the yearly incidence increased from 7/100,100 to 15/100,100 in 1995.[3] It was made a mandatory reportible disease in arizona in 1997. More recently, the incidence has risen to 248/100,000 in 2011.[4] This change might reflect changing trends in diagnostic methodology as well. However a similar change has been observed in california as well where the actual incidence has changed from 2.5/100,000 [5] during 1995-2000 to 14/100,000 in 2011.[4] During the same period the incidence in other endemic areas such as New mexico, nevada and utah has also gone up. Hospital data during the same period confirms an actual increase in the incidence rate, as in arizona alone the hospitalizations went up from 69 in 1998 to 598 in 2001. [6] As per CDC [4] in 2010 there were over 16,000 reported cases of coccidioidomycosis most of which were localised to Arizona and California. It has been made a mandatory reportable disease in 15 US states, which includes Arizona, California, Delaware, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Ohio, Rhode Island, Utah, and Wyoming.
References
- ↑ Hector R, Laniado-Laborin R (2005). "Coccidioidomycosis--a fungal disease of the Americas". PLoS Med. 2 (1): e2. PMID 15696207.
- ↑ "https://www.vfce.arizona.edu/ValleyFeverInPets/VFID-other.aspx". Retrieved 20 November 2013. External link in
|title=(help) - ↑ "Coccidioidomycosis--Arizona, 1990-1995". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 45 (49): 1069–73. 1996. PMID 8975119. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Frieden, TR.; Jaffe, HW.; Stephens, JW.; Cardo, DM.; Zaza, S. (2013). "Increase in reported coccidioidomycosis--United States, 1998-2011". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 62 (12): 217–21. PMID 23535687. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Bissell, SR.; Weiss, EC. (2009). "Increase in Coccidioidomycosis - California, 2000-2007". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 58 (5): 105–9. PMID 19214158. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ "Increase in coccidioidomycosis--Arizona, 1998-2001". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 52 (6): 109–12. 2003. PMID 12645841. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)