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Table

Countries with a reported prevalence <15% of H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin
Europe North America South America Middle East Far East
  • Bulgaria (8.7%)
  • Croatia (8%)
  • Germany (2.2-4%)
  • Italy (North) (1.8%)
  • Netherlands (1.7%)
  • Spain (12.9%)
  • Sweden (2.9%)
  • UK (3.9-4.4%)
  • USA (10.6-12.2%).†
  • Brazil (9.8%)
  • Israel (8.2%)
  • Hong Kong (4.5)
  • Japan (11-12.9)
  • Korea (5.4-5.9%)
  • New Zealand (6.8)

†There is a reported prevalence of 15% in the Northeast of the US.

Principles of Eradication Therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection

  1. Indications for diagnosis and treatment, established:[1]
    1. Active peptic ulcer disease.
    2. Confirmed history of peptic ulcer disease not previously treated for H. pylori.
    3. Gastric MALT lymphoma.
    4. After endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer.
    5. Uninvestigated dyspepsia (review H. pylori prevalence).
  2. Low clarithromycin resistance areas (<15%):[2]
    1. In areas of low resistance the PPI-clarithromycin-containing triple therapy is recommended as the first-line treatment as well as bismuth-containing quadruple therapy.
    2. In areas of low resistance after failure of a PPI-clarithromycin-containing treatment, either a bismuth-containing quadruple therapy or levofloxacin-containing triple therapy is recommended.
  3. High clarithromycin resistance areas (≥15%):[2]
    1. In areas of high resistance, bismuth-containing quadruple therapy are recommended for first-line treatment.
    2. In areas of high resistance after failure of bismuth containing quadruple therapy, levofloxacin containing triple therapy is recommended.
  4. After failure of second-line treatment, treatment should be guided by antimicrobial susceptibility testing.[2]
  5. Countries with a reported prevalence <15% of H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin:[3]
    1. Europe
      1. Bulgaria (8.7%)
      2. Croatia (8%)
      3. Germany (2.2-4%)
      4. Italy (North) (1.8%)
      5. Netherlands (1.7%)
      6. Spain (12.9%)
      7. Sweden (2.9%)
      8. UK (3.9-4.4%)
    2. North America
      1. USA (10.6-12.2%). Although there is a reported prevalence of 15% in the Northeast of the US.[4]
    3. South America
      1. Brazil (9.8%)
    4. Middle East
      1. Israel (8.2%)
    5. Far East
      1. Hong Kong (4.5)
      2. Japan (11-12.9)
      3. Korea (5.4-5.9%)
      4. New Zealand (6.8)
  6. Countries with a reported prevalence ≥15% of H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin:
    1. Europe
      1. France (15%)
      2. Italy (central) (23.4%)
      3. Portugal (22%)
    2. North America
      1. Mexico (25%)
    3. Middle East
      1. Iran (17%)
  7. FDA PPI standard doses:[1]
    1. Lansoprazole 30 mg q12h.
    2. Omeprazole 20 mg q12h.
    3. Esomeprazole 40 mg q24h.
    4. Rabeprazole 20 mg q12h.
  8. FDA approved first line regimens duration:[1]
    1. Triple therapy: 7 days (10 days if rabeprazole).
    2. Quadruple therapy: 4 weeks.
  9. Confirm the eradication of H. pylori infection in patients who have had an H. pylori-associated ulcer or gastric MALT lymphoma or who have undergone resection for early gastric cancer.[5]
  10. The urea breathing test is the most reliable nonendoscopic test to document eradication of H. pylori infection.[1]
  11. Testing to prove H. pylori eradication is most accurate if performed at 4 weeks after the completion of eradication therapy.[5]

Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapies

▸ Click on the following categories to expand treatment regimens.[1][6][7][5][8][9]

First line

  ▸  Triple therapy

  ▸  Quadruple therapy

Second line

  ▸  Triple therapy

  ▸  Sequential therapy

  ▸  Hybrid therapy

Third line therapy (Rescue therapy)

  ▸  Rifabutin based

Triple therapy
▸ PPI standard dose
PLUS
▸ Clarithromycin 500 mg q12h.
PLUS
▸ Amoxicillin 1,0000 mg q12h
Quadruple therapy
▸ Bismuth subsalicylate 525 mg orally q6h
PLUS
▸ Metronidazol 250 mg orally q6h
PLUS
▸ Tetracycline 500 mg orally q6h
PLUS
▸ Ranitidine 150 mg orally q12h
OR
▸ PPI standard dose
Triple therapy
▸ PPI standard dose
PLUS
▸ Clarithromycin 500 mg q12h
PLUS
▸ Metronidazole 500 mg q12h
Sequential therapy
First 5 days
▸ PPI standard dose
PLUS
▸ Amoxicillin 1,000 mg q12h
Next 5 days
▸ PPI standard dose
PLUS
▸ Clarithromycin 500 mg q12h
PLUS
▸ Tinidazol 500 mg q12h
Sequential therapy
First 7 days
▸ PPI standard dose
PLUS
▸ Amoxicillin 1,000 mg q12h
Next 7 days
▸ PPI standard dose
PLUS
▸ Amoxicillin 1,000 mg q12h
PLUS
▸ Clarithromycin 500 mg q12h
PLUS
▸ Metronidazol 500 mg q12h
Third line treatment
▸ Rifabutin 150 mg q2h
PLUS
▸ Amoxicillin 1,000 mg IV q12h
PLUS
▸ Ciprofloxacin 500 mg/kg IV q12h

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Chey WD, Wong BC, Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology (2007). "American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection". Am J Gastroenterol. 102 (8): 1808–25. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01393.x. PMID 17608775.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain CA, Atherton J, Axon AT, Bazzoli F; et al. (2012). "Management of Helicobacter pylori infection--the Maastricht IV/ Florence Consensus Report". Gut. 61 (5): 646–64. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302084. PMID 22491499.
  3. ↑ Mégraud F (2004). "H pylori antibiotic resistance: prevalence, importance, and advances in testing". Gut. 53 (9): 1374–84. doi:10.1136/gut.2003.022111. PMC 1774187. PMID 15306603.
  4. ↑ Duck WM, Sobel J, Pruckler JM, Song Q, Swerdlow D, Friedman C; et al. (2004). "Antimicrobial resistance incidence and risk factors among Helicobacter pylori-infected persons, United States". Emerg Infect Dis. 10 (6): 1088–94. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030744. PMC 3323181. PMID 15207062.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 McColl KE (2010). "Clinical practice. Helicobacter pylori infection". N Engl J Med. 362 (17): 1597–604. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1001110. PMID 20427808.
  6. ↑ Garza-González E, Perez-Perez GI, Maldonado-Garza HJ, Bosques-Padilla FJ (2014). "A review of Helicobacter pylori diagnosis, treatment, and methods to detect eradication". World J Gastroenterol. 20 (6): 1438–49. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i6.1438. PMC 3925853. PMID 24587620.
  7. ↑ O'Connor A, Molina-Infante J, Gisbert JP, O'Morain C (2013). "Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection 2013". Helicobacter. 18 Suppl 1: 58–65. doi:10.1111/hel.12075. PMID 24011247.
  8. ↑ Song M, Ang TL (2014). "Second and third line treatment options for Helicobacter pylori eradication". World J Gastroenterol. 20 (6): 1517–28. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i6.1517. PMC 3925860. PMID 24587627.
  9. ↑ Majumdar, Debabrata; Bebb, James; Atherton, John (2007). "Helicobacter pylori infection and peptic ulcers". Medicine. 35 (4): 204–209. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2007.01.006. ISSN 1357-3039.
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