Bubonic plague differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Bubonic plague must be differentiated from other diseases that also cause smooth, painful lymph node swelling called a bubo, chills, malaise (not feeling well), high fever, muscle pain, headache, and seizures. Since bubonic plague has the ability to spread in an epidemic fashion with a high mortality rate, it is an extremely grave diagnosis for both the patient and the population. Given the grave nature of bubonic plague, it is critical to exclude other diagnoses before a final diagnosis of bubonic plague is made.

Differentiating Bubonic Plague from other Diseases

Bubonic Plague

• Streptococcal or staphylococcal adenitis (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pyogenes)
  • Purulent or inflamed lesion often noted distal to involved nodes (i.e., pustule, infected traumatic lesion).
  • Involved nodes more likely to be fluctuant.
  • Associated ascending lymphangitis or cellulitis may be present (generally not seen with plague).

• Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
  • Ulcer or pustule often present distal to involved nodes.
  • Clinical course rarely as fulminant as in plague.
  • Systemic toxicity uncommon.

• Cat scratch fever (Bartonella henselae)
  • History of contact with cats; usually history of cat scratch.
  • Indolent clinical course; progresses over weeks.
  • Primary lesion at site of scratch often present (small papule, vesicle).
  • Systemic toxicity not present.

• Mycobacterial infection, including scrofula (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other Mycobacterium species)
  • With scrofula, adenitis occurs in cervical region.
  • Usually painless.
  • Indolent clinical course.
  • Infections with species other than M. tuberculosis more likely to occur in immunocompromised patients.

• Lymphogranuloma venereum (Chlamydia trachomatis)
  • Adenitis occurs in the inguinal region.
  • History of sexual exposure 10-30 days previously.
  • Suppuration, fistula tracts common.
  • Although LGV buboes may be somewhat tender, exquisite tenderness usually absent.
  • Although patients may appear ill (headache, fever, myalgias), systemic toxicity not present.

• Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
  • Adenitis occurs in the inguinal region.
  • Ulcerative lesion present.
  • Systemic symptoms uncommon; toxicity does not occur.

• Primary genital herpes
  • Herpes lesions present in genital area.
  • Adenitis occurs in the inguinal region.
  • Although patients may be ill (fever, headache), severe systemic toxicity not present.

• Primary or secondary syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
  • Enlarged lymph nodes in the inguinal region.
  • Lymph nodes generally painless.
  • Chancre may be noted with primary syphilis.

• Strangulated inguinal hernias
  • Evidence of bowel involvement.