Septicemic plague

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Synonyms and keywords: Septicaemic plague

Overview

Septicemic plague is a deadly blood infection, one of the three main forms of plague. It is caused by Yersinia pestis, a gram-negative bacterium.

Like some other forms of gram-negative sepsis, septicemic plague can cause disseminated intravascular coagulation, and is almost always fatal without treatment (the mortality rate in medieval times was 99-100 percent). Septicemic plague is the rarest of the three plague varieties; the other forms are bubonic and pneumonic plague.

Historical Perspective

Septicemic plague was the least common of the three plague varieties that occurred during the Black Death from 1348 to 1350 (the other two being bubonic plague and pneumonic plague). Like the others, septicemic plague spread from the East through trade routes on the Black Sea and down to the Mediterranean Sea.

Major port cities such as Venice and Florence were hit the hardest. The massive loss of working population in Europe following the Black Death, resulting in increased economic bargaining power of the serf labor force, was a major precipitating factor for the Peasants' Revolt of 1381.

Pathophysiology

The disease is contracted primarily through the bite of an infected rodent or insect, but like bubonic plague can very rarely be contracted through an opening in the skin or by cough from another infected human. After initial infection, the bacteria multiply in the blood, causing bacteremia and severe sepsis. In septicemic plague, bacterial endotoxins cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), where tiny blood clots form throughout the body, possibly resulting in ischemic necrosis (tissue death due to lack of circulation/ perfusion to that tissue).

DIC results in depletion of the body's clotting resources, so that it can no longer control bleeding. Consequently, there is bleeding into the skin and other organs, leading to red and/or black patchy rash and hemoptysis/ hematemesis (respectively coughing up or vomiting up of blood). There are bumps on the skin looking somewhat like insect bites; these are usually red, and sometimes white in the center.

Differentiating Septicemic Plague from other Diseases

Septicemic plague should be differentiated from the following diseases:

• Meningococcemia
  • More likely to have evidence of meningitis (but not always present).

• Septicemia caused by other Gram-negative bacteria.
  • Underlying illness usually present.

Complications and Prognosis

Complications

• DIC

Prognosis

Untreated, septicemic plague is usually fatal. Early treatment with antibiotics reduces the mortality rate to between 4 and 15 percent. People that contract this disease must receive treatment in at most 24 hours, or death is almost inevitable. In some cases, people may even die on the same day they contract it.

Diagnosis

Symptoms

The usual symptoms are:

• Abdominal pain
• Bleeding due to blood clotting problems
• Diarrhea
• Fever
• Low blood pressure
• Nausea and vomiting
• Organ failure

However, septicemic plague may cause death before any symptoms occur.

Physical Examination

Skin

• Bumps on skin

Related Chapters

• Septicemia
• Meningococcemia
• Bubonic plague
• Pneumonic plague
• Black Death