Hepatitis D epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
HDV is rare in most developed countries, and is mostly associated with intravenous drug abuse. However HDV is much more common in Mediterranean countries, sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and countries in the northern part of South America.[1] In all, about 20 million people may be infected with HDV.[2]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
More than 10 million people are infected with HDV worldwide. Two epidemiological patterns of hepatitis D infection exist: in Western Europe and North America, HDV is limited to persons exposed to blood or blood products such as with intravenous drug use. In Mediterranean countries, HDV infection is endemic among HBV carriers. In this population, the virus is transmitted by close personal contact.
New foci of high HDV prevalence continue to be identified including areas of China, Northern India, Albania, and Okinawa, Japan. [3]
HDV prevalence is decreasing in many areas of the world including the Mediterranean region. This has been attributed to a decreasing prevalence of chronic HBsAg carriers.
Viral hepatitis D is of concern to drug treatment programs because of its association with hepatitis B, which affects up to 80 percent of injection drug users in some areas. The prevalence of HDV is estimated to be 20 to 53 percent among drug users who are HBhttp://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Hepatitis_D_epidemiology_and_demographics&action=editsAg positive. HDV is clinically important because persons co-infected with hepatitis B and HDV are at increased risk of developing more severe liver disease. Hepatitis B vaccination will effectively prevent delta hepatitis. It is mandatory that persons infected with HBV who are HBsAg positive alter their risk-associated behavior to avoid infecting persons not previously exposed to hepatitis B with hepatitis B alone or with both hepatitis B and D if co-infection is present.
HDV is rare in most developed countries, and is mostly associated with intravenous drug use. However, HDV is much more common in the immediate Mediterranean region, sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and the northern part of South America.[5] In all, about 20 million people may be infected with HDV.[6]
References
- ↑ Radjef N, Gordien E, Ivaniushina V; et al. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate a wide and ancient radiation of African hepatitis delta virus, suggesting a deltavirus genus of at least seven major clades". J. Virol. 78 (5): 2537–44. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.5.2537-2544.2004. PMC 369207. PMID 14963156. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Taylor JM (2006). "Hepatitis delta virus". Virology. 344 (1): 71–6. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.033. PMID 16364738. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ World Health Organization. Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response.http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/HepatitisD_whocdscsrncs2001_1.pdf?ua=1
- ↑ "Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)".
- ↑ Radjef N; Gordien E; Ivaniushina V; et al. (2004). "Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses Indicate a Wide and Ancient Radiation of African Hepatitis Delta Virus, Suggesting a Deltavirus Genus of at Least Seven Major Clades". J. Virol. 78 (5): 2537–44. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.5.2537-2544.2004. PMC 369207. PMID 14963156. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|author-separator=ignored (help) - ↑ Taylor JM (2006). "Hepatitis delta virus". Virology. 344 (1): 71–6. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.033. PMID 16364738. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)