Hepatitis D epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
HDV is rare in most developed countries, and is mostly associated with intravenous drug abuse. However HDV is much more common in Mediterranean countries, sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and countries in the northern part of South America.[1] In all, about 20 million people may be infected with HDV.[2]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
Worldwide, more than 15 million people have evidence of serological exposure to HDV worldwide. Areas of high endemicity include Central Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East, eastern and Mediterranean Europe, the Amazon Basin, and parts of Asia. HDV infection rates usually correlate with HBV endemicity except in countries such as Indonesia and Vietnam, where co-infection is uncommon. Prevalence of HDV infection ranges between provinces in China, a country with high endemicity of HBV. [3] Two epidemiological patterns of hepatitis D infection exist: in Western Europe and North America, HDV is limited to persons exposed to blood or blood products such as with intravenous drug use. In Mediterranean countries, HDV infection is endemic among HBV carriers. In this population, the virus is transmitted by close personal contact. [4]
New foci of high HDV prevalence continue to be identified including areas of China, Northern India, Albania, and Okinawa, Japan. [4]
HDV prevalence is decreasing in many areas of the world including Spain, Turkey, and Taiwan, especially in the last three decades. This has been attributed to vaccination programs for HBV, increased awareness, and an overall improvement in socioeconomic conditions. [3] It should be noted that data for HBV prevalence in developing countries is sparse.
Incidence
Developed Countries
HDV infection remains prevalent in France. In Germany and the UK, the prevalence of HDV has increased.
References
- ↑ Radjef N, Gordien E, Ivaniushina V; et al. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate a wide and ancient radiation of African hepatitis delta virus, suggesting a deltavirus genus of at least seven major clades". J. Virol. 78 (5): 2537–44. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.5.2537-2544.2004. PMC 369207. PMID 14963156. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Taylor JM (2006). "Hepatitis delta virus". Virology. 344 (1): 71–6. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.033. PMID 16364738. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hughes SA, Wedemeyer H, Harrison PM (2011). "Hepatitis delta virus". Lancet. 378 (9785): 73–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61931-9. PMID 21511329.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 World Health Organization. Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response.http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/HepatitisD_whocdscsrncs2001_1.pdf?ua=1
- ↑ "Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)".