Enterovirus 68 causes
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Overview
Taxonomy
Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA stage; Picornavirales; Picornaviridae; Enterovirus; Enterovirus D[1]
Biology
Genome
Structure
Tropism
Natural Reservoir
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Enterovirus 68 | ||||||||
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Human rhinovirus 87[2] |
Origin and Serotypes
Based on their pathogenesis in humans and experimental animals, enteroviruses were originally divided into four species: poliovirus, coxsackie A virus, coxsackie B virus, and echovirus. However, further studies reported that some coxsackie and echoviruses have overlapping antigenic properties with respect to the diseases they caused in mice. As a result, they were all later described as enterovirus and numbered sequentially, beginning with EV68. Current classifications systems are based on molecular, antigenic as well as biological properties of these viruses. The enterovirus family is currently subgrouped into 5 categories: poliovirus, human enterovirus A (HEV-A), HEV-B, HEV-C and HEV-D. EV68 is one of the 3 serotypes of the HEV-D subgroup.[3]
EV68 caused pneumonia and bronchiolitis in four children in California in 1962.[4] EV68 has been isolated ten times, the most recent of which is in 2014. The other isolations were in the years 1970, 1987, 1994, 1997, 2000 and 2003.[5] Antigen typing reagents are not available in all facilities and hence EV68 involvement might be underestimated.
Human rhinovirus 87 was isolated at the same time as EV68. Corn is a prototype of HRV87 and is very unique in its receptor quality. Cross neutralization and partial capsid sequence studies revealed that HRV-87 Corn belongs to the same group as EV68.[2] A study on 1962 isolates of EV68 reported the genome sequences of the 5′-non-translated (NTR) and 3D polymerase coding regions and complete VP1 capsid protein coding region sequence. These are closely related with the genome sequence of human rhinovirus 87 (HRV 87) and are consistent with the fact that the two viruses are closely related.
Identification of Isolates
Serotype specific rabbit antisera are used for typing of EV68 isolates. Partial sequencing of VP1 capsid gene, using primer 292 (5'-MIGCIGYIGARACNGG-3') and 222 (5'-CICCIGGIGGIAYRWACAT-3') is another method used for sequencing. The serotype is determined by comparing partial sequence of isolates with a database containing partial sequences of all known enterovirus serotypes.[6]
Two commercially available FDA approved multipathogen detection systems, Luminex xTAG RVP and Idaho Technologies Film Array Respiratory Panel are currently being used in the United States. Both techniques use broadly reactive primers that can pick both enterovirus as well as human rhinovirus.[7]
References
- ↑ "Enterovirus D68".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ishiko, H.; Miura, R.; Shimada, Y.; Hayashi, A.; Nakajima, H.; Yamazaki, S.; Takeda, N. (2002). "Human rhinovirus 87 identified as human enterovirus 68 by VP4-based molecular diagnosis". Intervirology. 45 (3): 136–41. doi:65866 Check
|doi=value (help). PMID 12403917. - ↑ "ICTV Virus Taxonomy". Retrieved 28 February 2014.
- ↑ Schieble, JH.; Fox, VL.; Lennette, EH. (1967). "A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases". Am J Epidemiol. 85 (2): 297–310. PMID 4960233. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Khetsuriani, N.; Lamonte-Fowlkes, A.; Oberst, S.; Pallansch, MA. (2006). "Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005". MMWR Surveill Summ. 55 (8): 1–20. PMID 16971890. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Oberste, MS.; Maher, K.; Schnurr, D.; Flemister, MR.; Lovchik, JC.; Peters, H.; Sessions, W.; Kirk, C.; Chatterjee, N. (2004). "Enterovirus 68 is associated with respiratory illness and shares biological features with both the enteroviruses and the rhinoviruses". J Gen Virol. 85 (Pt 9): 2577–84. doi:10.1099/vir.0.79925-0. PMID 15302951. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ "Clusters of acute respiratory illness associated with human enterovirus 68--Asia, Europe, and United States, 2008-2010". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 60 (38): 1301–4. 2011. PMID 21956405. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)