Enterovirus 68 laboratory findings
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [2]
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Overview
Laboratory findings in an enterovirus 68 infection include a positive PCR assay of a nasopharyngeal swab specimen or viral culture. Serology tests have a low specificity for the diagnosis of enterovirus 68.
Laboratory Findings
- Routine tests such as a complete blood count may not show any abnormalities.
- Leukocytosis with an increased number of lymphocytes can be observed among some patients. [1] [2]
- The serum C-reactive protein could be elevated among some patients with asthma. [3]
- Infection with non-polio enteroviruses can be confirmed by:[4]
- Isolating or identifying the virus in cell culture
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.
- Non-polio enteroviruses can be detected in respiratory specimens (including nasal and oral swabs, throat swabs, and bronchioalveolar lavage). Depending on the symptoms other specimen types, such as cerebrospinal fluid and blood, can be collected for testing.
PCR
- Enterovirus 68 is diagnosed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing.
- RT-PCR assay is conducted targeting the 5'-nontranslated region, followed by partial sequencing of the structural protein genes, VP4-VP2, VP1, or both. This gives definitive enterovirus type-specific information. [5]
Serology
- Detection of IgM levels or an increase in the IgG levels may also be performed to diagnose enterovirus 68 infection, but the sensitivity is low so this test is not routinely performed. [6]
References
- ↑ Lu, Q.-B.; Wo, Y.; Wang, H.-Y.; Wei, M.-T.; Zhang, L.; Yang, H.; Liu, E.-M.; Li, T.-Y.; Zhao, Z.-T.; Liu, W.; Cao, W.-C. (2013). "Detection of enterovirus 68 as one of the commonest types of enterovirus found in patients with acute respiratory tract infection in China". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 63 (Pt_3): 408–414. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.068247-0. ISSN 0022-2615.
- ↑ Jacobson, Lara M.; Redd, John T.; Schneider, Eileen; Lu, Xiaoyan; Chern, Shur-Wern W.; Oberste, M. Steven; Erdman, Dean D.; Fischer, Gayle E.; Armstrong, Gregory L.; Kodani, Maja; Montoya, Jennifer; Magri, Julie M.; Cheek, James E. (2012). "Outbreak of Lower Respiratory Tract Illness Associated With Human Enterovirus 68 Among American Indian Children". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 31 (3): 309–312. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3182443eaf. ISSN 0891-3668.
- ↑ Hasegawa, S.; Hirano, R.; Okamoto-Nakagawa, R.; Ichiyama, T.; Shirabe, K. (2011). "Enterovirus 68 infection in children with asthma attacks: virus-induced asthma in Japanese children". Allergy. 66 (12): 1618–1620. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02725.x. ISSN 0105-4538.
- ↑ "CDC Non-Polio Enterovirus Laboratory Testing".
- ↑ "Clusters of Acute Respiratory Illness Associated with Human Enterovirus 68 --- Asia, Europe, and United States, 2008--2010".
- ↑ B. Pozzetto, O. G. Gaudin, M. Aouni & A. Ros (1989). "Comparative evaluation of immunoglobulin M neutralizing antibody response in acute-phase sera and virus isolation for the routine diagnosis of enterovirus infection". Journal of clinical microbiology. 27 (4): 705–708. PMID 2542363. Unknown parameter
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