Yellow fever overview

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [2]

Overview

Yellow fever is an acute viral disease.[1] It is an important cause of hemorrhagic illness in many African and South American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine. The yellow refers to the jaundice symptoms that affect some patients.[2] Yellow fever has been a source of several devastating epidemics. French soldiers were attacked by yellow fever during the 1802 Haitian Revolution; more than half of the army perished due to the disease.[3] Outbreaks followed by thousands of deaths occurred periodically in other Western Hemisphere locations until research, which included human volunteers (some of whom died), led to an understanding of the method of transmission to humans (primarily by mosquitos) and development of a vaccine and other preventative efforts in the early 20th century. Despite the costly and sacrificial breakthrough research by Cuban physician Carlos Finlay, American physician Walter Reed, and many others over 100 years ago, unvaccinated populations in many developing nations in Africa and Central and South America continue to be at risk.[4] As of 2001, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that yellow fever causes 200,000 illnesses and 30,000 deaths every year in unvaccinated populations.[5]

Historical Perspective

Yellow fever has had an important role in the history of Africa, the Americas, Europe, and the Caribbean. Scientists believe that yellow fever evolved in Africa around 3,000 years ago. [6] In 1937 Max Theiler working at the Rockefeller Foundation developed a vaccine for yellow fever that gives a ten-year or more immunity from the disease and effectively protects people traveling to affected areas, while at the same time being a means to control the disease.

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Yellow Fever from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Primary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

References

  1. Schmaljohn AL, McClain D. (1996). Alphaviruses (Togaviridae) and Flaviviruses (Flaviviridae). In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.) (4th ed. ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
  2. Anker M, Schaaf D; et al. (2000-01-07). "WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Diseases" (PDF). WHO. p. 11. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
  3. Bollet, AJ (2004). Plagues and Poxes: The Impact of Human History on Epidemic Disease. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. pp. 48&ndash, 9. ISBN 188879979X.
  4. Tomori O (2002). "Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century". Biomedica. 22 (2): 178–210. PMID 12152484.
  5. "Yellow fever fact sheet". WHO—Yellow fever. Retrieved 2006-04-18.
  6. "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Yellow Fever: History, Epidemiology and Vaccination Information. (Internet). Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2010".


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