Hemolytic anemia causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
The causes for hemolytic anemia can be divided into intracorpuscular or extracorpuscular causes. The intrinsic causes are commonly due to hereditary causes whereas the extrinsic causes are comonly acquired.
Causes
Common Causes
- Hemolytic anemia occurs when the bone marrow is unable to increase production to make up for the premature destruction of red blood cells.
- If the bone marrow is able to keep up with the early destruction, anemia does not occur (this is sometimes called compensated hemolysis).
- There are many types of hemolytic anemia, which are classified by the reason for the premature destruction of red blood cells. The defect may be in the red blood cell itself (intrinsic factors), or outside the red blood cell (extrinsic factors).
- Drug side effects: Tolbutamide
Intrinsic or Intracorpuscular
- Commonly hereditary in nature exceptions, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and acquired alpha thalassemia
- Occurs secondary to abnormalities in RBC components such as hemoglobin, RBC membranes (alpha or beta globin chains in thalassemia, hereditary spherocytosis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), glycolysis, and reducing power of the RBC.
Extrinsic factors
- Commonly acquired in nature
- Antibodies against RBC membrane such as seen in autoimmune hemolytic anemia, alloimmune hemolytic anemia, delayed [hemolytic] transfusion reaction, some drug-induced hemolytic anemias)
- RBC destructions secondary to trauma as seen in valvular malfunctioning, disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome
- Infections - malaria, babesiosis, clostridium perfringens
- Oxidative stress such as aniline dyes, dapsone, pyridium in normal patients or with G6PD deficiency, congenital methemoglobinemia, or unstable hemoglobin variants.
- Hypersplenism
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | Acetaminophen and Oxycodone, Amoxicillin, Ceftazidime, Chlorpromazine, Diflunisal, Doxycycline, Rifampin, Meropenem, Metaxalone, Minocycline hydrochloride, Nitrofurantoin, Repaglinide, Sulindac, tolbutamide |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | No underlying causes |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |